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Öğe Biochemical and biohythane production from anaerobically digested water plant by hydrothermal liquefaction/gasification(Elsevier Ltd, 2023) Bodur, F.-G.; Güngören-Madenoğlu, T.; Özdemir, G.; Ballice, L.; Kabay, N.Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) was anaerobically digested with waste sludge in a batch system at varying total solid (TS) contents (3.3–8.3%) and temperatures (35–55 °C). Then, the high organic content of digested biomass was utilized for hydrothermal liquefaction/gasification in the batch reactor system at different temperatures (200–600 °C) to yield biofuels and biochemicals. Hydrothermal liquefaction/gasification was performed in sub- and super-critical water (above 374 °C and 221 bar) conditions. Prevailing products are some biochemical compounds (carboxylic acids, furfurals, aldehyde/ketones, phenols etc.) at lower temperatures (200–300 °C) while biohythane (total of hydrogen and methane) gaseous fuel are produced at higher temperatures (400–600 °C). The highest carbon gasification efficiency (73 g C in product/g C in feed) was obtained at 600 °C with the sample that has a high anaerobic digestion efficiency (digested at 6.3 TS% at 35 °C). The highest carbon liquefaction efficiency (37.2 g C in product/g C in feed) was obtained at 200 °C with the sample which has a low anaerobic digestion yield (digested at 8.3 TS% at 35 °C). © 2023 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLCÖğe Classification of volatile products evolved at fast co-pyrolysis of Goynuk oil shale with low density polyethylene(Estonian Acad Publishers, 2008) Salepcioglu, S.; Gungoren, T.; Sert, M.; Erdem, S.; Saglam, M.; Yuksel, M.; Ballice, L.Fast co-pyrolysis of Goynuk oil shale (GOS) with low density polyethylene (LDPE) was investigated. The aim of the research was to determine the distribution of volatile products and conversion of blends at different temperatures and time intervals. Pyrolysis of oil shale, LDPE and co-pyrolysis of oil shale-LDPE blend of the total carbon ratio of 1:1 were performed by using the fast pyrolysis method in an isothermal pyrolysis reactor. Volatile organic products eluted from the reactor were collected at different temperatures and time intervals by using a special sampling technique. Fast pyrolysis products were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography. In the aliphatic fraction of pyrolysis products, n-paraffins and 1-olefins were classified by their carbon number. The effect of co-pyrolysis on conversion of total organic carbon into volatile products was identified by determination of the experimental and the hypothetical mean values. Possible synergetic effect was investigated by comparing the results on fast pyrolysis of GOS and LDPE. The effect of co-processing of GOS with LDPE was determined by calculating the difference between experimental and hypothetical mean value of conversion of total organic carbon into volatile products. The experimental conversion of the blend to volatile hydrocarbons was found to be lower than hypothetical mean value of conversion at co-pyrolysis, and thus, no synergetic effect was observed.Öğe EFFECT OF MINERAL MATTER ON PRODUCT YIELD AND COMPOSITION AT ISOTHERMAL PYROLYSIS OF TURKISH OIL SHALES(Estonian Academy Publishers, 2009) Sert, M.; Ballice, L.; Yuksel, M.; Saglam, M.This study was aimed to investigate the effect of mineral matter of Goynuk oil shales (GOS) on pyrolysis and product evolution. Organic part was separated from mineral matter before pyrolysis in an isothermal pyrolysis reactor. In the demineralization step, carbonate, pyrite and silicates were removed from kerogen by using HCl, HNO(3) and HF, respectively. Thereafter all samples were pyrolized in an isothermal pyrolysis apparatus. The temperatures for pyrolysis experiments were 450, 500, 550, 600, 650 degrees C. Recoveries of volatiles and total hydrocarbons increased with increasing temperature. At pyrolysis of silicate-free oil shale (GOS-F), volatile hydrocarbon recovery (VHR) increased nearly by 10 wt.% as compared with VHR from raw oil shale sample (GOS-R) at each pyrolysis temperature. Carbon content of solid residue was also calculated. The effect of mineral content of oil shale on product yield and composition was determined by establishing carbon balance in the reactor. The amount of solid residue decreased as a function of demineralization degree. The pyrolysis reaction in the presence of silicate mineral showed the catalytic effect of silicate minerals aiding coking reactions, and carbon deposition decreased averagely by 20 wt.% in silicate-free oil shale compared with the value for GOS-R at each temperature.Öğe THE EFFECTS OF ACID TREATMENT ON THE PYROLYSIS OF GOYNUK OIL SHALE (TURKEY) BY THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS(Estonian Academy Publishers, 2012) Sert, M.; Ballice, L.; Yuksel, M.; Saglam, M.The present study investigates pyrolysis kinetics of raw and pretreated Goynuk oil shales by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Samples were treated with HCl, HNO3 and HF solutions and characterized by TGA data. All experiments were carried out at a heating rate of 5 K min(-1), in the temperature range of 25-1000 degrees C under the nitrogen atmosphere. Coats-Redfern method was used to determine the kinetic parameters of the activation energy using the data from thermogravimetric analysis. From the kinetic analysis it was concluded that Goynuk oil shale samples have two reaction regions and the activation energies of the first region are lower.Öğe Fast pyrolysis of Sirnak Asphaltite (Turkey) and characterization of pyrolysis products(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2008) Sert, M.; Ballice, L.; Yuksel, M.; Saglam, M.; Erdem, S.Fast pyrolysis of Srnak Asphaltite (SASP) was investigated to determine yield and distribution of volatile products at different temperatures. A special sampling technique was used for collecting organic products formed at different time intervals and pyrolysis temperatures. The fast pyrolysis products were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography. The total product evolution rate was determined for a time range with 10 minutes at each pyrolysis run. n-Paraffin and 1-olefin in aliphatic fraction of pyrolysis products were classified by their carbon number. The evolution of volatile hydrocarbons increased with increasing temperature. The conversion of organic carbon to aliphatic hydrocarbons was found to be 5.9, 8.5, 12.9, 21.2, and 26.6 wt% at 450 degrees C, 500 degrees C, 550 degrees C, 600 degrees C, and 650 degrees C, respectively.Öğe HYDROGEN AND METHANE PRODUCTION FROM ANAEROBICALLY DIGESTED WATER PLANT BY HYDROTHERMAL GASIFICATION(International Association for Hydrogen Energy, IAHE, 2022) Bodur, F.G.; Güngören-Madenoğlu, T.; Özdemir, G.; Kabay, N.; Ballice, L.Previously, water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) was anaerobically digested with anaerobic sludge in batch system at varying total solid (TS) contents of 3.3 and 4.3% and at 35°C. In this study, high organic content of the digested biomass was evaluated in hydrothermal gasification in batch reactor system at different temperatures (200-500°C) to produce biofuels and biochemicals. Hydrothermal gasification was performed in sub- and super-critical water (Tc=374°C, Pc=221 bar) conditions. Prevailing products are biochemicals (glycolic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, furfural, 5-methyl furfural, phenols etc.) at lower temperatures (200-300°C) while biofuels (especially hydrogen and methane) are produced at higher temperatures (400-500°C). Nearly 63% of the feed was converted to gas and aqueous products at 500°C. © 2022 Proceedings of WHEC 2022 - 23rd World Hydrogen Energy Conference: Bridging Continents by H2. All rights reserved.Öğe Valorisation of vegetable market wastes to gas fuel via catalytic hydrothermal processing(Elsevier B.V., 2020) Yildirir, E.; Cengiz, N.; Sağlam, M.; Yüksel, M.; Ballice, L.Residues of leek, cabbage and cauliflower from the market places as representatives of lignocellulosic biomass were processed via hydrothermal gasification to produce energy fuel. The experiments were carried out in a batch reactor at temperatures 300, 400, 500 and 600 °C and corresponding pressures varying in the range of 7.5–43 MPa. Natural mineral additives trona, dolomite and borax were used as homogenous catalysts to determine their effects on the gasification. More than 70 wt% of carbon in vegetable residue samples were detected in the gas phase after the hydrothermal gasification process at 600 °C. The addition of trona mineral further promoted the gasification reactions and as a result, less than 5 wt% carbon remained in the solid residue at the same temperature, degrading the biomass samples into gas and liquid products. The fuel gas with the highest calorific value was recorded to be 25.6 MJ/Nm3, from the hydrothermal gasification of cabbage at 600 °C, when dolomite was used as the homogeneous catalyst. The liquid products obtained in the aqueous phase were detected as organic acids, aldehydes, ketones, furfurals and phenols. The gas products were consisted of hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, and as minors; carbon monoxide and low molecular weight hydrocarbons (ethane, propane, etc.). Above 500 °C, all biomass samples yielded 50–55 vol% of CH4 and H2 while the CO2 composition was around 40 vol% as the gas product. © 2020 Energy Institute
