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Öğe Acclimation to heat during incubation. 1. Embryonic morphological traits, blood biochemistry, and hatching performance(2008) Yalçin S.; Çabuk M.; Bruggeman V.; Babacanoglu E.; Buyse J.; Decuypere E.; Siegel P.B.Eggs obtained from broiler breeders at 32 (young), 42 (middle aged), and 65 wk (old) were used to measure the effects of heat acclimation during incubation on morphological, physiological, and metabolic traits at internal pipping (IP) and at hatch. All eggs were from the same stock, and hatching performance was also evaluated. Eggs from each breeder age were incubated at control (CONT) or 38.5°C for 6 h daily from d 10 to 18 of incubation (HA). On d 10 after heat exposure and on d 14, absolute and proportional weights were significantly lower for HA than CONT embryos. By the time of hatching, HA chicks were heavier than CONT chicks, which suggested accelerated growth. This effect was consistent across ages. Liver and heart weights were lower for HA than CONT chicks. At IP, pH was similar for HA and CONT embryos, whereas pO2 and Na + were significantly higher and pCO2, HCO3 ?, and K+ significantly lower for HA than CONT embryos. Blood pH was higher in embryos from older than for younger and mid-aged parents at IP. At hatch there was no effect of heat acclimation for blood HCO 3?, Na+, and K+ levels, whereas plasma triglyceride and T3 levels were higher and plasma uric acid, glucose, and lipid peroxidation levels were lower for HA than CONT chicks. Embryonic mortality was similar among parental ages for CONT. In contrast for HA, embryonic mortality from older parents was higher than for younger and middle-aged parents. A delay in external pipping and hatching time with high incubation temperature was consistent across the breeder ages. It was concluded that lower blood pCO2, HCO3?, K+, and higher pO2 at IP stage, plus increased plasma triglyceride concentrations at hatch, indicate adaptive responses of embryos. ©2008 Poultry Science Association Inc.Öğe Acclimation to heat during incubation. 2. Embryo composition and residual egg yolk sac fatty acid profiles in chicks(2008) Yalçin S.; Bagdatlioglu N.; Bruggeman V.; Babacanoglu E.; Uysal I.; Buyse J.; Decuypere E.; Siegel P.B.The aim of the research was to evaluate embryo composition and changes in egg yolk fatty acid composition during embryonic development as a function of incubation temperature and age of breeders. Eggs obtained from a common breeder stock at 3 ages: 32 (younger), 42 (mid age), and 65 (older) wk were divided into 2 groups and placed into 2 incubators: the control and the second where eggs were heat-acclimated (HA) at 38.5°C for 6 h daily from d 10 to 18 of incubation. Body composition of embryos and chicks were measured on d 14, 18, and at hatch, respectively. Fatty acid profiles of yolk and residual egg yolk sac of chicks were analyzed before incubation and at hatch, respectively. Moisture content of embryos was highest on d 14 and then decreased regardless of parental age and incubation temperature. Moisture content of chicks at hatch from 42- and 65-wk parents were lower than those of chicks from 32-wk parents, whereas the trend in chick fat content was opposite. Incubation temperature had no effect on composition of chicks. Consistently lower cis-4,7,10,13,16,19- eicosapentaenoic (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA; 22:6n-3) and cis-11,14,17- eicosatrienoic (20:3n-3) fatty acids in the residual yolk sac of chicks than in egg yolks before incubation may have resulted from preferential uptake from the yolk. The DHA content in the residual yolk sac was considerably higher in chicks from older parents incubated at HA, whereas, in contrast, levels of 18:3n-3 were lower. Also, chicks from younger parents in the HA treatment had lower transported 18:3n-3 and higher levels of transported DHA. It may be concluded that this process observed during the high incubation temperature may be related to a protective strategy and thus contributes to postnatal heat adaptation. ©2008 Poultry Science Association Inc.Öğe Acclimation to heat during incubation: 3. Body weight, cloacal temperatures, and blood acid-base balance in broilers exposed to daily high temperatures(2008) Yalçin S.; Çabuk M.; Bruggeman V.; Babacanoglu E.; Buyse J.; Decuypere E.; Siegel P.B.The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of parental age and heat acclimation during incubation on BW, cloacal temperature, and blood acid-base balance in fast-growing broilers exposed to daily cyclic high ambient temperatures from 21 to 42 d posthatch. Eggs obtained from 32- (younger), 42- (middle-aged), and 65-wk-old (older) breeders were divided into 2 groups. One group of eggs was incubated at the control incubation temperature (IT CONT) and the second group was heat acclimated at 38.5°C for 6 h/d from d 10 to 18 of incubation (ITHA). Chicks were reared at standard brooding temperatures from d 1 to 21. From d 21 to 42, half of the broilers per incubation temperature and parental age were kept as controls (ATCONT) and the other half were exposed to daily cyclic heat treatment (ATHIGH) to impose a stress response. The reduction in BW at ATHIGH was more pronounced for progeny from older compared with younger parents. However, this reduction in BW was more or less abolished for broilers from eggs incubated at ITHIGH, implying an increased tolerance to heat stress. Compared with ITCONT, ITHA reduced BW of broilers from 32- and 42-wk-old parents while having no effect on those from 65-wk-old parents when reared at ATCONT. Higher blood pH, and lower partial pressure CO2 and HCO3- at ATHIGH were associated with greater cloacal temperatures throughout the heat stress from d 21 to 42. Increases in cloacal temperature by AT HIGH were greater for ITCONT than for ITHA broilers. The ATHIGH and ITHA broilers had lesser blood partial pressure CO2 concentrations than ATCONT and ITCONT, respectively. Although at ATHIGH, blood HCO 3 - was lower for broilers from all parental ages, it was more pronounced for those from 65-wk-old parents. It is concluded that these changes in blood acid-base balance reflected adaptive responses to heat stress, and incubating eggs at ITHA improved thermotolerance of fast-growing broilers. ©2008 Poultry Science Association Inc.Öğe Effect of dietary protein regime on meat quality traits and carcase nutrient content of broilers from two commercial genotypes(2010) Yalçin S.; Özkul H.; Özkan S.; Gous R.; Yaşa I.; Babacanoglu E.1. The present study aimed to evaluate breast muscle quality and muscle myofibre density in two broiler genotypes given three dietary protein feeding regimes. 2. A total of 1440 Ross 308 and 708 broilers (720/genotype) were given one of three dietary protein regimes (Low: 192, 166 and 155 g/kg, Control: 229, 199 and 182 g/kg and High: 266, 235 and 207 g/kg for starter, grower and finisher diets respectively). On d 21 and 42, initial protein solubility, DNA and myofibre density were determined. On d 42, breast meat samples were collected for meat quality analyses. 3. There were no genotype effects on pH24, L*, a* or b* values. Thawing loss was higher in meat from the 708 than the 308 genotype. 4. Broilers given the low protein feeding regime had highest carcase fat, lowest pH24 and palest meat. The low regression coefficients between dietary protein content and changes in pH24 and lightness, however, demonstrated that dietary protein was not the principal factor influencing these traits. 5. Although sarcoplasmic protein solubility was similar among protein feeding regimes on d 21, the highest sarcoplasmic protein solubility on d 42 was in broilers on the high protein regime. 6. Myofibre density was highest in meat from broilers given the low protein regime. 7. It was concluded that dietary-protein content contributes significantly to both protein solubility and myofibre density. © 2010 British Poultry Science Ltd.Öğe Effects of incubation temperature on hatching and carcass performance of broilers(2010) Yalçin S.; Babacanoglu E.; Güler H.C.; Akşit M.In the past 20 years, broiler production has increased in hot climate countries, due to a greater potential for further growth. Thus, there is a necessity to improve thermotolerance of broilers produced in hot climates. Incubation period will become increasingly important in enhancing thermotolerance, because higher temperatures during incubation may lead to an elevation of the thermoregulatory set-point after hatch. Two recent experiments, conducted to determine the effect of high incubation temperature (INCHIGH) from d 10 to 18 on hatching performance and carcass characteristics of broilers, have been compared with broilers from incubated at control temperatures (INCCONT). INCHIGH resulted in a delay in external pipping and hatching times compared with INCCONT. There was no incubation temperature effect on the weights of bursa of fabricius, spleen and lungs, and moisture content of chicks but lowered heart and liver weights. When broilers exposed to daily cyclic high temperature from 21 to 42 d, slaughter weight of broilers from INCCONT reduced while heavier body weight and breast yield were obtained in broilers from INCHIGH. It was concluded that higher incubation temperature from d 10 to 18 for 6 h/d had no effect on chick weights and minimized the negative effect of heat stress on slaughter weight and breast meat yield. © 2010 World's Poultry Science Association.
