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Öğe Global prevalence and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in 2015: a modelling study(Elsevier Inc, 2017) Blach, Sarah; Zeuzem, Stefan; Manns, Michael; Altraif, Ibrahim; Duberg, Ann-Sofi; Muljono, David H.; Waked, Imam; Alavian, Seyed M.; Lee, Mei-Hsuan; Negro, Francesco; Abaalkhail, Faisal; Abdou, Ahmed; Abdulla, Maheeba; Abou Rached, Antoine; Aho, Inka; Akarca, Ulus; Al Ghazzawi, Imad; Al Kaabi, Saad; Al Lawati, Faryal; Al Namaani, Khalid; Al Serkal, Youssif; Al-Busafi, Said A.; Al-Dabal, Layla; Aleman, Soo; Alghamdi, Abdullah S.; Aljumah, Abdulrahman A.; Al-Romaihi, Hamad E.; Andersson, Monique I.; Arendt, Vic; Arkkila, Perttu; Assiri, Abdullah M.; Baatarkhuu, Oidov; Bane, Abate; Ben-Ari, Ziv; Bergin, Colm; Bessone, Fernando; Bihl, Florian; Bizri, Abdul R.; Blachier, Martin; Blasco, Antonio J.; Mello, Carlos E. Brandao; Bruggmann, Philip; Brunton, Cheryl R.; Calinas, Filipe; Chan, Henry L. Y.; Chaudhry, Asad; Cheinquer, Hugo; Chen, Chien-Jen; Chien, Rong-Nan; Choi, Moon Seok; Christensen, Peer B.; Chuang, Wan-Long; Chulanov, Vladimir; Cisneros, Laura; Clausen, Mette R.; Cramp, Matthew E.; Craxi, Antonio; Croes, Esther A.; Dalgard, Olav; Daruich, Jorge R.; de Ledinghen, Victor; Dore, Gregory J.; El-Sayed, Manal H.; Ergor, Gul; Esmat, Gamal; Estes, Chris; Falconer, Karolin; Farag, Elmoubashar; Ferraz, Maria L. G.; Ferreira, Paulo R.; Flisiak, Robert; Frankova, Sona; Gamkrelidze, Ivane; Gane, Ed; Garcia-Samaniego, Javier; Khan, Amir Ghafoor; Gountas, Ilias; Goldis, Adrian; Gottfredsson, Magnus; Grebely, Jason; Gschwantler, Michael; Pessoa, Mario Guimaraes; Gunter, Jessie; Hajarizadeh, Behzad; Hajelssedig, Omer; Hamid, Saeed; Hamoudi, Waseem; Hatzakis, Angelos; Himatt, Sayed M.; Hofer, Harald; Hrstic, Irena; Hui, Yee-Tak; Hunyady, Bela; Idilman, Ramazan; Jafri, Wasim; Jahis, Rohani; Janjua, Naveed Z.; Jarcuska, Peter; Jeruma, Agita; Jonasson, Jon G.; Kamel, Yasser; Kao, Jia-Horng; Kaymakoglu, Sabahattin; Kershenobich, David; Khamis, Jawad; Kim, Young S.; Kondili, Loreta; Koutoubi, Zaher; Krajden, Mel; Krarup, Henrik; Lai, Moon-sing; Laleman, Wim; Lao, Wai-cheung; Lavanchy, Daniel; Lazaro, Pablo; Leleu, Henri; Lesi, Olufunmilayo; Lesmana, Laurentius A.; Li, Michael; Liakina, Valentina; Lim, Young-Suk; Luksic, Boris; Mahomed, Adam; Maimets, Matti; Makara, Mihaly; Malu, Abraham O.; Marinho, Rui T.; Marotta, Paul; Mauss, Stefan; Memon, Muhammad S.; Correa, Maria C. Mendes; Mendez-Sanchez, Nahum; Merat, Shahin; Metwally, Ammal M.; Mohamed, Rosmawati; Moreno, Christophe; Mourad, Fadi H.; Mullhaupt, Beat; Murphy, Kimberly; Nde, Helen; Njouom, Richard; Nonkovic, Diana; Norris, Suzanne; Obekpa, Solomon; Oguche, Stephen; Olafsson, Sigurour; Oltman, Marian; Omede, Ogu; Omuemu, Casimir; Opare-Sem, Ohene; Ovrehus, Anne L. H.; Owusu-Ofori, Shirley; Oyunsuren, Tsendsuren S.; Papatheodoridis, George; Pasini, Ken; Peltekian, Kevork M.; Phillips, Richard O.; Pimenov, Nikolay; Poustchi, Hossein; Prabdial-Sing, Nishi; Qureshi, Huma; Ramji, Alnoor; Razavi-Shearer, Devin; Razavi-Shearer, Kathryn; Redae, Berhane; Reesink, Henk W.; Ridruejo, Ezequiel; Robbins, Sarah; Roberts, Lewis R.; Roberts, Stuart K.; Rosenberg, William M.; Roudot-Thoraval, Francoise; Ryder, Stephen D.; Safadi, Rifaat; Sagalova, Olga; Salupere, Riina; Sanai, Faisal M.; Avila, Juan F. Sanchez; Saraswat, Vivek; Sarmento-Castro, Rui; Sarrazin, Christoph; Schmelzer, Jonathan D.; Schreter, Ivan; Seguin-Devaux, Carole; Shah, Samir R.; Sharara, Ala I.; Sharma, Manik; Shevaldin, Anatoly; Shiha, Gamal E.; Sievert, William; Sonderup, Mark; Souliotis, Kyriakos; Speiciene, Danute; Sperl, Jan; Starkel, Peter; Stauber, Rudolf E.; Stedman, Catherine; Struck, Daniel; Su, Tung-Hung; Sypsa, Vana; Tan, Soek-Siam; Tanaka, Junko; Thompson, Alexander J.; Tolmane, Ieva; Tomasiewicz, Krzysztof; Valantinas, Jonas; Van Damme, Pierre; van der Meer, Adriaan J.; van Thiel, Ingo; Van Vlierberghe, Hans; Vince, Adriana; Vogel, Wolfgang; Wedemeyer, Heiner; Weis, Nina; Wong, Vincent W. S.; Yaghi, Cesar; Yosry, Ayman; Yuen, Man-fung; Yunihastuti, Evy; Yusuf, Aasim; Zuckerman, Eli; Razavi, HomieBackground The 69th World Health Assembly approved the Global Health Sector Strategy to eliminate hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection by 2030, which can become a reality with the recent launch of direct acting antiviral therapies. Reliable disease burden estimates are required for national strategies. This analysis estimates the global prevalence of viraemic HCV at the end of 2015, an update of-and expansion on-the 2014 analysis, which reported 80 million (95% CI 64-103) viraemic infections in 2013. Methods We developed country-level disease burden models following a systematic review of HCV prevalence (number of studies, n=6754) and genotype (n=11 342) studies published after 2013. A Delphi process was used to gain country expert consensus and validate inputs. Published estimates alone were used for countries where expert panel meetings could not be scheduled. Global prevalence was estimated using regional averages for countries without data. Findings Models were built for 100 countries, 59 of which were approved by country experts, with the remaining 41 estimated using published data alone. The remaining countries had insufficient data to create a model. The global prevalence of viraemic HCV is estimated to be 1.0% (95% uncertainty interval 0.8-1.1) in 2015, corresponding to 71.1 million (62.5-79.4) viraemic infections. Genotypes 1 and 3 were the most common cause of infections (44% and 25%, respectively). Interpretation The global estimate of viraemic infections is lower than previous estimates, largely due to more recent (lower) prevalence estimates in Africa. Additionally, increased mortality due to liver-related causes and an ageing population may have contributed to a reduction in infections.Öğe Social anxiety in E-Learning: Scale validation and socio-demographic correlation study(Springer, 2022) Alsudais, Ali S.; Alghamdi, Abdullah S.; Alharbi, Abdullrhman A.; Alshehri, Atif A.; Alzhrani, Mustafa A.; Keskin, Sinan; Sahin, MuhittinDuring the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, over 1.5 billion students worldwide have been deprived of access to traditional learning. This situation has necessitated the use of social distancing-based educational methods; consequently, a tremendous shift towards e-learning has been observed. This study assesses medical students' social anxiety levels in e-learning environments. The study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, the original Turkish Social Anxiety Scale for E-Learning Environments (SASE) was adapted in English and tested for validity and reliability. This instrument has two subscales: social anxiety in learner-learner interaction and in learner-instructor interaction. In the second stage, we explored the associations of gender, age, and perceived academic performance with medical students' social anxiety levels in e-learning environments. A total of 325 responses were analysed. Consistent with the original version, the adapted scale is a reliable and valid measure of social anxiety in e-learning. Social anxiety in e-learning was related to gender (p = 0.008) and age (p = 0.013). Social anxiety levels were higher in students with lower perceived performance during e-learning compared to students with enhanced performance, but the difference was not significant. The SASE is a useful instrument for evaluating social anxiety in e-learning environments across English educational frameworks. Considering the shift in social interaction environments, efforts are required to reduce medical students' social anxiety levels and enhance learning.