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Öğe beta-endorphin level and lactate elimination: effects on the shot and sprint performances in amateur soccer players(Mattioli 1885, 2021) Vural, Faik; Turgay, Faruk; Balyan, Melih; Aksit, Tolga; Ozkol, Mehmet ZekiStudy Objectives: This study aimed to examine the effects of lactate elimination and saliva -endorphin (beta-End) levels on the decrease in shot and sprint performances in the last period of a soccer match, and changes in saliva cortisol and testosterone levels during the match and their relationship to performance parameters. Methods: Twenty-two trained amateur soccer players performed the 90 minutes soccer match, while saliva beta-End, testosterone, cortisol, blood lactate, and glucose measurements were obtained pre-match (M1), after 1st half (M2), and after the 2nd half (M3). Sprint and shot performances were assessed after warm-up and match play and after the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (Yo-Yo IR-1) test. Lactate elimination was evaluated with the Yo-Yo IR-1. Results: Soccer match-play elevated some individual beta-End levels between M1 and M3 (an increase of %25) but overall differences between M1, M2, and M3 were not significant (963.34 increase from M1 to M2, 961.12 increase from M1 to M3, and 962.17 decrease from M2 to M3). M3 testosterone levels significantly increased above basal (p < 0.01) and M2 levels (p < 0.001). Moreover, 13-End levels and lactate elimination speeds were not significantly correlated with sprint and shot performance at M3 (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Our results suggest that beta-End and lactate elimination is not effective on the differences in shot and sprint performances after exercise. Therefore, future studies will appropriate for the examination of beta-End and other hormone levels to understand the exact mechanisms involved in different levels of soccer players.Öğe Comparison of ground reaction forces and joint kinematics between three different tempos during push-up exercise(Sciendo, 2022) Degirmen, Yahya Berk; Erman, Berkant; Ozkol, Mehmet Zeki; Vural, Faik; Aksit, TolgaStudy aim: This study was aimed to analysis in detail how different tempos [2:0:2 (30 bpm), 1:0:1 (60 bpm), Explosive (EXP)] effect to ground reaction forces (vGRF) and joint kinematics of push-up exercise (PUP). Material and methods: Twenty-four recreationally male athletes (age: 24.9 +/- 3.6 years) participated in this study. Kinetic and kinematic data were obtained by load-cells and a motion analysis software. Data was analysed from a single repetition which is showed peak vGRF of dominant side during PUP. Joint velocities were calculated by taking the difference between the descent and ascent phases. Results: There was significant difference between 2:0:2 (30 bpm) - EXP in terms of dominant side of shoulder (p <= 0.02) and between 1:0:1 (60 bpm) - EXP in the dominant elbow joint displacements (p <= 0.05). The velocity differences between the descent and ascent phases of shoulder and elbow joints were found statistically significant between tempos (p <= 0.05). In terms of range of motion (ROM) of right and left side, there was significant differences between tempos (p <= 0.001). No significant differences were found between all tempos in the ascent phase of right-left and left descent phase in terms of average vGRF (p > 0.05) except right descent average vGRF (p <= 0.02). Conclusions: In conclusion, right-left sides of ROM was used most effectively in 2:0:2 (30 bpm) and 1:0:1 (60 bpm) tempos. Less displacement was also observed in EXP and when tempo increased percentage of peak vGRF (at elbow flexion phase for right-left sides) to total repetition decreased. Highest ascent and descent phase velocity differences (for right-left sides) and highest peak vGRF (elbow flexion phase) observed in EXP. This study shows that increasing tempo will result in more unsteady joint kinematics and more vGRF, so if the goal is controlled and safe PUP tempo should be slow.Öğe The Effects of Chronic Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise on Blood Nitric Oxide Levels(Ortadogu Ad Pres & Publ Co, 2012) Ozkol, Mehmet Zeki; Turgay, Faruk; Varol, Saadet Rana; Ozcaldiran, Bahtiyar; Vural, Faik; Aksit, Tolga; Nalcakan, Gulbin RudarliObjective: Nitric oxide (NO) is a gas which has vasodilator, antioxidant and metabolic regulator features. The positive effect of aerobic exercise is well known on the production of NO in healthy men. However, the effects of chronic anaerobic exercise on blood NO levels remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of both chronic aerobic and anaerobic exercise on basal serum nitric oxide (BSNO) levels, and the relationships between BSNO and some aerobic and anaerobic performance parameters. Material and Methods: Three groups participated in the present study, each of them was composed of 11 healthy men with similar physical characteristics. The groups consisted of volleyball players as the anaerobic group (AnG), swimmers as the aerobic group (AeG) with long-term exercise background and volunteers who did not exercise regularly as the control group (CG). BSNO (as total nitrite) analysis was determined in fasting venous blood by using Griess method. Mean power and peak power as the criteria of anaerobic performance were determined by using Wingate test, and lactate minimum speed (LMS) was determined as the criterion of aerobic endurance with the LMS test based on lactate elimination. Finger tip lactate measurements were taken during certain segments of LMS test. Results: The BSNO value of the AeG was significantly higher compared to the CG (90.34 vs. 74.39 mu M), but it was not different from that of the AnG (80.02 mu M). No significant relationships were observed between the BSNO and LMS values in any group. The LMS value of the AeG was significantly greater than that in the CG (11.59 vs. 10.27 km/h). Peak power (13.11 vs. 9.84 w/kg) and mean power (8.55 vs. 7.36 w/kg) were significantly greater in the AnG compared to the AeG. A positive correlation was found between BSNO in the AeG and peak power (r=0.648, p=0.031) in the AeG. Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, it is suggested that regular aerobic exercise may improve blood NO levels while anaerobic exercise does not; nevertheless, NO may play a role in both aerobic and anaerobic adaptations to exercise.Öğe Effects of ribose supplementation on anaerobic performance, plasma pH, lactate, ammonia and inorganic phosphate levels(Ios Press, 2012) Yaman, Meltem; Colakoglu, Muzaffer; Turgay, Faruk; Ozkol, Zeki; Aksit, Tolga; Ozkaya, Ozgur; Yapicioglu, BulentThe purpose of this study was to estimate the effects of ribose supplementation on interval anaerobic performance and fatiguing substance concentrations. The study cohort consisted of physically active, young male volunteers (n = 15). With a double-blind cross over study design, each participant completed two all-out anaerobic exercise sessions, one week apart, one by supplementing maltodextrine and the other by supplementing ribose (150 mg/kg in each test). Two repetitions of 30-s maximal performance with a 4-min interval were completed. Blood samples were taken at rest and five minutes after the second sprint repetition. Neither the biochemical parameters: pH (-0.32 +/- 0.09 vs. -0.26 +/- 0.11), lactate (La) (13.8 +/- 1.9 vs. 13.3 +/- 2.7 mM, ammonia (423 +/- 190 vs. 404 +/- 166 mu mol/L), inorganic phosphate (Pi) (0.68 +/- 0.53 vs. 0.72 +/- 0.63 mM) nor the anaerobic output (746.2 +/- 82.5 vs. 760.2 +/- 86.8 watts) were affected by placebo and ribose supplementations significantly (p > 0.05). In conclusion, based on this protocol, anaerobic performance and/or biochemical status are not affected by ribose supplementation.Öğe Effects of system training on finger-grip strength and endurance in sport climbers(Edizioni Minerva Medica, 2021) Ceyhan, Gamze; Aksit, Tolga; Vural, Faik; Varol, Rana; Kose, Damla E.; Ozkol, ZekiBACKGROUND: This study aims to determine the effect of a 4-week system training (ST) regimen on finger-grip strength and endurance in sport climbers. The ST method works on improving the main grip types in climbing by training in an isolated and symmetrical way. METHODS: In this study, 24 recreational climbers were selected as participants and randomly allocated to an ST group (N.=12) or a control group (CON, N.=12) for the 4-week-long training regimen. The isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) test using a climbing-specific apparatus was performed to determine the maximum finger flexor strength for the dominant (D) and non-dominant (ND) hands. Intermittent finger hang (IFH) and dead-hang (DH) tests were performed on three different grips by using a hangboard to assess finger flexor endurance before and after the training sessions. RESULTS: A significant increase was observed in the MVC for the ST group (20.1%, P<0.05), but not in the CON group (6.2%, P=0.24). The ST group showed significant increases for all parameters in endurance tests (IFH, 20.9 s; DHcrimp, 9.3 s; DHpinch, 7.1 s; DHslope, 11.2 s P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The 4-week ST regimen is a highly effective training method for improving grip strength and endurance in sport climbing.Öğe The effects of vibration on efficiency in off-road cyclists(Baycinar Medical Publ-Baycinar Tibbi Yayincilik, 2021) Aksit, Tolga; On, Arzu; Balci, Gorkem Aybars; Ozkaya, OzgurObjectives: The aim of this study was to investigate whether vibration significantly affected the efficiency of off-road cyclists. Patients and methods: Eight male mountain cyclists (mean age 21.1 +/- 1 years; range, 19 to 22 years) between August 2017 and November 2017 were included. The experimental protocol included four testing sessions with a one-day interval between testing sessions: a familiarization session; performance of submaximal tests; performance of maximal graded exercise test; and a 30-min mountain bike trial performed with vibration or without vibration. Physiological measures including volume of oxygen uptake (VO2), volume of carbon dioxide output (VCO2), VO2, VCO2, heart rate, respiratory exchange ratio, rating of perceived exertion, and gross efficiency (GE) were compared between the trials performed with vibration or without vibration. Results: There was a significant increase in the GE with the addition of intermittent vibration, particularly over the last 15 min of the cycling trial (p<0.05). There were no significant effects of vibration on other parameters. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that addition of intermittent vibration may provide positive benefits in improving GE during a 30-min submaximal cycling trial.Öğe The Effects of Virtual Reality Nonphysical Mental Training on Balance Skills and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Activity in Healthy Adults(Human Kinetics Publ Inc, 2022) Koyagasioglu, Ogun; Ozgurbuz, Cengizhan; Bediz, Cem Seref; Guducu, Cagdas; Aydinoglu, Ramazan; Aksit, TolgaContext: Athletic skills such as balance are considered physical skills. However, these skills may not just improve by physical training, but also by mental training. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of mental training programs on balance skills and hemodynamic responses of the prefrontal cortex. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: Fifty-seven healthy adults (28 females. 29 males), aged between 18-25 years, participated in this study. Participants were randomly assigned to 3 groups: virtual reality mental training (VRMT) group, conventional mental training (CMT) group, and control group. The training program included action observation and motor imagery practices with balance exercise videos. The VRMT group trained with a VR head-mounted display, while the CMT group trained with a non-immersive computer screen, for 30 minutes. 3 days per week for 4 weeks. At baseline and after 4 weeks of training, balance was investigated with stabilometry and Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT). Balance tests were performed with simultaneous functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) imaging to measure prefrontal cortex oxygenation. Results: For the stabilometry test, at least 1 variable improved significantly in both VRMT and CMT groups but not in the control group. For SEBT, composite reach distance significantly increased in both VRMT and CMT groups but significantly decreased in the control group. For separate directional scores, reach distance was significantly increased in both mental training groups for nondominant leg posterolateral and posteromedial directions, and dominant leg posterolateral direction, while nondominant posteromedial score was significantly increased only in the VRMT group. Between-group comparisons showed that dominant leg posteromedial and posterolateral score improvements were significantly higher than control group for both mental training groups, while nondominant leg improvements were significantly higher than control group only for the VRMT group. The fNIRS oxyhemoglobin levels were not significantly changed during stabilometry tests. However. oxyhemoglobin levels significantly reduced only in the control group during SEBT. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that both mental training interventions can significantly improve balance test results. Additionally, VRMT may have some advantages over CMT. These findings are promising for the use of mental training in prevention and rehabilitation for special populations such as athletes and older adults.Öğe Factor structure of swimmers for evaluating endurance and predicting 5000-m indoor and open water swimming performance(Gdansk Univ Physical Education & Sport, 2019) Vural, Faik; Ozkol, Mehmet Zeki; Aksit, TolgaBackground: The purpose of the present study was to describe factor structures to evaluate swimmers' endurance. The second aim was to determine 5000m pool velocity (5000(vp)) and 5000m open water swimming velocity (5000(vow)). Material and methods: The study sample comprised 14 swimmers who were candidates for the Turkish Open Water National Team (age: 13.78 +/- 1.21 years; height: 168.06 +/- 6.67 m; body mass: 59.06 +/- 7.99 kg). Anaerobic threshold, critical swimming speed, and 5000m swimming tests were measured in a pool setting, and 5000m open water swimming test was measured in sea conditions. Results: Results of the factor analysis show that the effect of 4 cardiorespiratory endurance factors, classified as velocity and heart rate (HR), HR and lactate, exercise HR and exercise lactate, were explained at 89.16% in relation to 5000m open water swimming performance, and the first factor had the greatest factor weight and formed 48% of the total variance. Regression coefficients for 5000(vp) and 5000(vow) were found to be R-2 = 0.94 and R-2 = 0.79, respectively (p < 0.05). Conclusions: These findings suggest the equations of prediction specified in the present study may provide trainers with more appropriate tools to evaluate performance in juvenile swimmers.Öğe The Relationships between Simulated Tennis Performance and Biomarkers for Nitric Oxide Synthesis(Journal Sports Science & Medicine, 2013) Aksit, Tolga; Turgay, Faruk; Kutlay, Emine; Ozkol, Mehmet Z.; Vural, FaikTennis performance requires a good aerobic endurance and recovering capacity. Nitric oxide (NO) is a gas which is not only a vasodilator and antioxidant but it also regulates the use of oxygen and glucose. The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between simulated tennis performance test (PT) and NOx (sum of nitrate+nitrite) levels and lactate elimination speed (LES). Twenty well trained male tennis players with game levels of ITN 4 (International Tennis Number) and lower (mean +/- SD; age 22.9 +/- 2.6 yrs; height 1.82 +/- 0.06 m and mass 75.7 +/- 8.0 kg) participated in the study. Participants performed three 4-min bouts and a 2-min continuous groundstroke against balls projected from a tennis ball machine at speeds of 50, 55, 62 and 70 km.h(-1). After this exercise, subjects were given a 20 min passive rest. After each period and at during the recovery phase; plasma NOx, glucose (GLU) and lactate (LA) levels were determined. LES was calculated during passive recovery. GLU, LA and heart rate (HR) showed a linear increase in comparison to the values in the previous step while PT decreased significantly. Following each period NOx and glucose levels increased independently, but their decreasing rates in recovery phase were related (r = 0.470, p < 0.05). The successive increase in NOx and GLU parameters between the third and the forth periods was significant (p < 0.05). Only in the third period was there a significant relation between PT and NOx (r = 0.494; p < 0.05). In the present study, no significant relationship was found between PT and GLU, LA levels and LES. No significant correlation was found between simulated tennis performance and blood NOx levels. However the addition of loads like those in the third period in tennis trainings can be beneficial for performance in trained tennis players. It is recommended that the relationships between tennis performance with NOx and GLU are studied during a real tennis match.Öğe TIME COURSE OF CHANGES IN STRADDLE JUMP AND VERTICAL JUMP PERFORMANCE AFTER ACUTE STATIC STRETCHING IN ARTISTIC GYMNASTS(Univ Ljubljana, 2023) Kose, Damla Ercan; Aksit, Tolga; Acikgoz, Osman; Ceyhan, GamzeThe aim of the present study was to examine the time course of changes of the effects of static stretching on straddle jump, vertical jump height and flexibility after performing dynamic movements in artistic gymnasts. The study was participated by 14 female artistic gymnasts aged between 9 and 14. Vertical jump heights were measured using the New Test 2000 testing device. Flexibility measurement was performed with sit and reach flexibility test. Artistic gymnastics-specific jump movement was evaluated looking at the angle between lower extremities using the Dartfish motion analysis program. Baseline measurements taken before the standard warm-up and the measurements taken after static stretching were assessed. Four sets of gymnastics moves each lasting two minutes were performed. The tests were repeated after each set. Static stretching was found to affect vertical jump performance significantly. Significant differences were found between Jump(2) and Jump(1) (p=0.01), Jump(2) and Jump(3) (p=0.03), Jump2 and Jump(4) (p=0.01), Jump(2) and Jumop(5) (p=0.004), and Jump(2) and Jump6 (p=0.009). In flexibility-related changes, significant differences were found between Reach(2) and Reach(3) (p=0.03), and Reach(2) and Reach(6) (p=0.006). Static stretching was found to have no significant effect on the lower extremity straddle jump degree. In conclusion, although the static stretching protocol reduced vertical jump performance significantly, it did not affect the artistic gymnastics-specific jump move. The negative effects of static stretching on jump height approached the baseline value approximately 4 minutes later.
