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Öğe Analysis of cytidine monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) gene related to neonatal isoerythrolysis in stray cats of Izmir, Turkey [Türkiye, İzmir sokak kedilerinde neonatal izoeritrolizisle ilişkili sitidin monofosfat-N-asetilnöraminik asit hidroksilaz (CMAH) geninin analizi](Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2016) Can H.; Atalay Şahar E.; Döşkaya M.; Özdemir H.G.; Caner A.; Değirmenci Döşkaya A.; Gürüz Y.; Ün C.Neonatal isoerythrolysis is a life threatening disease in new born cats. It occurs when type A or type AB kittens are born from a type B queen (female cat). A homozygous 18 bp insertion located in cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) gene has been detected in type B cats, causing production of inactive CMAH enzyme. Currently, molecular methods are being used to determine type B blood in female cats, which can help prevent neonatal isoerythrolysis in kittens. These molecular assays target the presence of 18 bp insertion in CMAH gene. In this study, we aimed to analyze the potential of neonatal isoerythrolysis among stray cats of İzmir, Turkey using PCR detecting the 18 bp insertion in CMAH gene. During the study, we analyzed 793 cats’ blood sample for the presence of 18 bp insertion in CMAH gene. Three cats known to have blood types A, B, and AB were used as control in PCR. According to the PCR results, blood type A control cat displayed a 175 bp product indicating a homozygous type A cat while blood type control B cat showed a 193 bp product in CMAH gene (with 18 bp insertion) indicating a homozygous type B cat. Interestingly, blood type AB control cat showed a heterozygous pattern for CMAH gene, in which three different bands (175 bp like that of type A, 193 bp product for type B, and the third unique band with approximately 240 bp size) were detected. Among 793 stray cats of İzmir, 791 were homozygous for CMAH gene with 175 bp band size (99.7%). The remaining two stray cats showed heterozygous band pattern like blood type AB cat (0.12%). Overall, 175 bp band displaying type A cats are prevalent contrary to the two cats that have type AB pattern and non-existence of homozygous type B cats. These results show that the potential of neonatal isoerythrolysis in stray cats of İzmir is minimal. Future studies are required to scrutinize the reason(s) for non-existence of type B cats in İzmir and presence of unique band in blood type AB. © 2016, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi. All rights reserved.Öğe Association of TLR2 haplotypes encoding Q650 with reduced susceptibility to ovine Johne’s disease in Turkish sheep(Nature Research, 2021) Yaman Y.; Aymaz R.; Keleş M.; Bay V.; Ün C.; Heaton M.P.Ovine Johne’s disease (OJD) is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) and carries a potential zoonotic risk for humans. Selective breeding strategies for reduced OJD susceptibility would be welcome tools in disease eradication efforts, if available. The Toll-like receptor 2 gene (TLR2) plays an important signaling role in immune response to MAP, and missense variants are associated with mycobacterial infections in mammals. Our aim was to identify and evaluate ovine TLR2 missense variants for association with OJD in Turkish sheep. Eleven TLR2 missense variants and 17 haplotype configurations were identified in genomic sequences of 221 sheep from 61 globally-distributed breeds. The five most frequent haplotypes were tested for OJD association in 102 matched pairs of infected and uninfected ewes identified in 2257 Turkish sheep. Ewes with one or two copies of TLR2 haplotypes encoding glutamine (Q) at position 650 (Q650) in the Tir domain were 6.6-fold more likely to be uninfected compared to ewes with arginine (R650) at that position (CI95 = 2.6 to 16.9, p-value = 3.7 × 10–6). The protective TLR2 Q650 allele was present in at least 25% of breeds tested and thus may facilitate selective breeding for sheep with reduced susceptibility to OJD. © 2021, The Author(s).Öğe Detection of prion gene promoter and intron1 indel polymorphisms in Anatolian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)(2009) Oztabak K.; Ozkan E.; Soysal I.; Paya I.; Ün C.Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a fatal disease caused by miss folded prion protein. Studies in the cattle, comparing genetic data from BSE diseased and healthy animals have shown that indel polymorphisms in the promoter and intron 1 of PRNP gene were associated with disease susceptibility. Several studies were conducted to find out allele and genotypic frequencies of indel polymorphisms in promoter and intron 1 of the cattle PRNP gene. Unlike domestic cattle and bison, no indel polymorphisms of the PRNP promoter and intron 1 were examined in any population of the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Aim of this study was to analyse frequencies of allele, genotype, and haplotype of the indel polymorphisms (23 bp indel in promoter and 12 bp indel in intron 1) in prion protein coding gene (PRNP) of water buffalo. Therefore a PCR based procedure, previously used in cattle to detect indel polymorphisms of PRNP promoter and intron 1 locus, was applied to 106 Anatolian water buffalo DNAs. Our results have revealed high frequency of in variants and in23/in12 haplotype for PRNP promoter and intron 1 indel polymorphisms in water buffalo. The results of the study have demonstrated that frequencies of allele, genotype, and haplotype of the indel polymorphisms in PRNP gene of the Anatolian water buffalo are significantly different those from cattle and bison PRNP indel polymorphisms. © 2009 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.Öğe Genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii isolates and toxoplasmosis seroprevalence in stray cats of Izmir, Turkey(2014) Can H.; Döşkaya M.; Ajzenberg D.; Özdemir H.G.; Caner A.; Iz S.G.; Döşkaya A.D.; Atalay E.; Çetinkaya Ç.; Ürgen S.; Karaçali S.; Ün C.; Dardé M.-L.; Gürüz Y.Currently, some Toxoplasma gondii genotypes are being associated with serious clinical presentations. A recent report showing the Africa 1 genotype in two local congenital toxoplasmosis cases acquired in Turkey formed the basis of this study because atypical Africa 1 genotype is most frequently detected in animals and patients from sub-Saharan Africa. Since stray cats are considered as the linkage between wild life and urban life in T. gondii transmission, the present study aimed to isolate and characterize T. gondii strains circulating in stray cats of İzmir (Western Turkey). A secondary objective was to determine toxoplasmosis seroprevalence in this cat population. Tissues obtained from 100 deceased stray cats were bioassayed and isolated strains were genotyped using 15 microsatellite markers. In addition, toxoplasmosis seroprevalence was analyzed in 1121 cat sera collected from several large veterinary clinics in İzmir. Among the 22 isolates, 19 were Type II (86.3%), two were Type III (9%) and one was Africa 1 genotype (4.5%). The overall seropositivity rates in cats were 42-48% and 33.4-34.4% according to IFA and ELISA, respectively. Seroprevalence in deceased cats was significantly higher than in healthy cats (P = 0.0033). Finding both the major clonal Type II lineage together with the Type III lineage also found in Middle East, and an atypical genotype, Africa 1 appears consistent with the specific geographic location of Turkey between three continents and raises the possibility of transportation of these strains between continents through trade routes or long distance migratory birds. In addition, the first large study of toxoplasma seroprevalence in a stray cat population was also reported. The relatively high seropositivity rates and the variety of T. gondii genotypes confirm the local stray cat population as a risk factor for human toxoplasmosis in İzmir. © 2014 Can et al.Öğe Leptin gene polymorphisms in native Turkish cattle breeds [Türkiye'deki yerli si{dotless}gi{dotless}r irklari{dotless}nda leptin geni polimorfizmleri](2010) Öztabak K.; Toker N.Y.; Ün C.; Akiş I.; Mengi A.; Karadag O.; Soysal D.The aim of the study was to determine leptin gene polymorphisms in South Anatolian Red (SAR), East Anatolian Red (EAR) and Turkish Grey Cattle. In the study unrelated 40 SAR, 40 EAR and 40 Turkish Grey cattle were used. Target sites in leptin gene exon 2, exon 3 and intron 2 were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) consisting site in exon 2, exon 3 and intron 2 were determined as a result of digestion with Kpn2I, HphI and Sau3AI restriction enzymes, respectively. The highest T allele frequency related with production traits for Kpn2I polymorphism was found for SAR cattle. For HphI polymorphism, T allele frequencies were detected clearly predominant. Within each breed for Sau3AI polymorphism B and C allele frequencies that effect production traits were found to be dramatically lower than A allele frequency. As a result we can suggest that there was no clearly difference that can create any advantage in terms of leptin gene SNPs among the three native Turkish cattle breeds.Öğe Molecular and genetic advances in celiac disease [Çölyak hastali?indaki moleküler ve genetik gelişmeler](Cocuk Sagligi ve Hastaliklan Dergisi, 2014) Soya S.; Ün C.Celiac disease is a multifactorial genetic disease that is associated with both environmental and genetic factors; it appears in sensitive individuals who have intake of wheat gluten and similar grain proteins in their diets. Currently, it is agreed that celiac patients have an innate genetic predisposition to the disease, and this predisposition changes to disease as a result of environmental factors. Although there is no treatment for celiac disease, it is believed that elimination of gluten from the diet is the only precaution that can be taken against it. In childhood, the symptoms of celiac disease usually appear as chronic diarrhea, growth failure, abdominal distension and iron deficiency; in adulthood, it appears in a weaker grade. It is known that celiac disease affects 1% of the European and North American populations. The disease is characterized by the presence of anti-tissue transglutaminase (anti-tTG) and anti-endomysial (EmA) antibodies. However, certain diagnosis is made through biopsy of the small intestine, which provides determination of typical histological anomalies. Looking at the molecular mechanisms of celiac disease, it is strongly correlated with DQ2 and DQ8 molecules, which are HLA-class II protein molecules. These molecules are coded by alleles at the HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 loci. Although HLA-DQ2 haplotype is a very important locus in celiac disease, it is not the only one that plays a role in the formation of the disease. It is thought that this locus is responsible for only 40% of patients, and so there must exist other loci that affect manifestation of the disease. A number of studies have at different times put forward 12 alternative loci, from CELIAC2 to CELIAC13, as being correlated with celiac disease. This article focuses on a current view regarding the molecular mechanisms of celiac disease and the various candidate genes and loci found by many researchers to be correlated with the disease.Öğe Molecular characterization of cytidine monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) gene and frequency of blood types in stray cats of İzmir, Turkey(BioMed Central Ltd, 2021) Can H.; Erkunt Alak S.; Köseoğlu A.E.; Şahar U.; Bostanbaş B.; Baydarlı S.; Ün C.Background: Cytidine monophospho-n-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) gene associated with blood groups in cats encodes CMAH enzyme that converts Neu5Ac to Neu5Gc. Although variations in CMAH gene of pedigree cats have been revealed, the presence/lack of them in non-pedigree stray cats is unknown. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the variations in CMAH gene and the quantity of Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc on erythrocytes of non-pedigree stray cats (n:12) living in İzmir, Turkey. Also, the frequency of blood types was determined in 76 stray cats including 12 cats that were used for CMAH and Neu5A/Neu5Gc analysis. Results: In total, 14 SNPs were detected in 5’UTR as well as in exon 2, 4, 9, 10, 11 and 12 of CMAH gene. Among these SNPs, -495 C > T in 5’UTR was detected for the first time as heterozygous in type A and AB cats, and homozygous and heterozygous in type B cats. The remaining 13 that have been detected in previous studies were also found as homozygous or heterozygous. Both Neu5Gc and Neu5Ac were detected in type A and AB cats. In type B cats, only Neu5Ac was detected. Among two type AB cats, the level of Neu5Ac was found higher in cat carrying heterozygous form (T/C) of 1392T > C. The prevalence of type B cats (67.1 %) was higher than others. Conclusions: The presence of a new SNP as well as previous SNPs indicates that more variations can be found in stray cats with a more comprehensive study in the future. Also, the high prevalence of type B cats demonstrates the possible risk of neonatal isoerythrolysis among stray cats living in İzmir, Turkey. © 2021, The Author(s).Öğe Prion protein coding gene (prnp) variability in sheep from turkey and Iran(2012) Frootan F.; Nikbakht G.; Özgentürk N.O.; Ün C.This study was designed to analyze variation of ovine prion protein in sheep breeds in Iran and Turkey. A competitive approach was used to analyze the open reading frame (ORF) of the ovine PRNP gene using a total of 186 samples from five indigenous sheep breeds. The ARQ allele was found to be the predominant allele in five breeds. The ARR allele was not observed in homozygous combination among the 11 genotypes found in the study. In addition, six other polymorphisms were indicated. These findings have great significance for estimating genetic variability in the PRNP gene with regard to Iranian and Turkish sheep. Since no information on the susceptibility of some genotypes identified in this study has been reported, no grouping was made on the basis of susceptibility. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.Öğe Toksoplazmozise Karşı Geliştirilen Biyoteknolojik Tabanlı Rekombinant Protein Aşıları(NLM (Medline), 2022) Karakavuk T.; Gül C.; Karakavuk M.; Gül A.; Erkunt Alak S.; Can H.; Ün C.Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) that can infect most warm-blooded animals and humans, is an obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite with a wide host range. About one-third of the world's population is infected with this parasite. While toxoplasmosis progresses asymptomatically in individuals with a strong immune system, it can cause serious clinical manifestations and death in immunocompromised individuals. The parasite is transmitted to humans through the consumption of water and food contaminated with cat feces, as well as raw or undercooked animal products, congenital infection and blood/organ transplantation. Additionally, T. gondii is often observed in farm animals such as sheep and goats. Clinical manifestations and abortions caused by T. gondii in sheep and goats lead to enormous economic loss worldwide. There is a commercial vaccine against T. gondii, called Toxovax (MSD, New Zealand) that can only be used in sheep. For these reasons, there is a need for innovative T. gondii vaccine that is harmless, easily produced, which can prevent losses and be used in all living things. Advances in immunology, molecular biology, genetic, biotechnology and proteomics bring new perspectives to vaccine studies. Studies in innovative vaccine studies against T. gondii have accelerated with the discovery of new antigens by in vitro screenings, and bioinformatic analyzes, the use of various expression systems and new adjuvant types. Recombinant protein vaccines are biotechnological vaccines that are frequently preferred due to their rapid and easy production in various expression systems, availability of very and high purity products, ease of manipulation and stimulation of both cellular and humoral immune responses. Recombinant protein vaccines, developed by biotechnological methods, are promising tools for providing a protective immune response against toxoplasmosis. In this review, an overview of the parasite complex life cycle, its pathogenesis, humoral and cellular immune responses in the host, and recombinant protein vaccine studies developed against the parasite are presented.Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii); sıcakkanlı hayvanların çoğunu ve insanları enfekte edebilen, geniş konakçı yelpazesine sahip zorunlu hücre içi apikompleksan bir parazittir. Bu parazit ile dünya nüfusunun yaklaşık üçte biri enfektedir. Toksoplazmozis, immün sistemi sağlam bireylerde asemptomatik seyrederken, immün sistemi baskılanmış bireylerde ise ciddi klinik tablolara ve ölümlere yol açabilmektedir. Parazit, insanlara kedi dışkısıyla kontamine su ve gıdaların tüketiminin yanı sıra çiğ veya az pişmiş hayvansal ürünlerle, konjenital enfeksiyon ve kan/organ nakliyle bulaşmaktadır. T. gondii, koyun, keçi gibi çiftlik hayvanlarında da sıklıkla saptanmaktadır. Koyun ve keçilerde parazit nedeniyle oluşan klinik tablolar ve abortuslar dünya çapında büyük ekonomik kayıplar oluşturmaktadır. Günümüzde, T. gondii’ye karşı sadece koyunlarda kullanılabilen Toxovax (MSD, Yeni Zelanda) ticari aşısı bulunmaktadır. Bu nedenle zararsız, kolay üretilebilen, parazitin neden olduğu kayıpların önüne geçilebilecek ve tüm canlılarda kullanılabilecek yenilikçi T. gondii aşısına ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. İmmünoloji, moleküler biyoloji, genetik, biyoteknoloji ve proteomik alanlarındaki gelişmeler aşı çalışmalarına yeni bakış açıları kazandırmaktadır. T. gondii’ye karşı geliştirilen aşı çalışmaları, yeni antijenlerin in vitro taramalar ve biyoinformatik analizler kullanılarak keşfi, çeşitli ekspresyon sistemleri ve yeni adjuvant tiplerinin kullanımı ile hız kazanmıştır. Rekombinant protein aşıları biyoteknolojik aşılar olup çeşitli ekspresyon sistemlerinde hızlı ve kolay üretilmeleri, çok miktarda ve yüksek saflıkta ürün elde edilebilirliği, manipülasyon kolaylığı ve hem hücresel hem de humoral immün yanıtı uyarabilmeleri nedeniyle toksoplazmozise yönelik yapılan aşı çalışmalarında sıklıkla kullanılmaktadır. Biyoteknolojik yöntemler kullanılarak geliştirilmekte olan bu aşılar toksoplazmozise karşı koruyucu immün yanıt sağlamak için umut vaat etmektedir. Bu derlemede, parazitin karmaşık yaşam döngüsü, patogenezi ve konakta oluşturduğu humoral ve hücresel immün yanıtın yanında özellikle, parazite yönelik gerçekleştirilen rekombinant protein aşı çalışmaları hakkında genel bir bakış sunulmaktadır.
