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Öğe Age-related effects of catching, crating, and transportation at different seasons on core body temperature and physiological blood parameters in broilers(Poultry Science Association, 2004) Yalçin S.; Özkan S.; Oktay G.; Çabuk M.; Erbayraktar Z.; Bilgili S.F.This study was designed to determine the physiological effects of 3 preslaughter treatments (catching, crating, and transportation) on male and female broiler chickens slaughtered at 35, 42, 49, and 56 d of age. At each age, 18 birds (3 birds per sex and pen; 3 replicate pens) were sampled after catching, crating, and transportation for l h for core body (rectal) temperature (Rt), blood pH, gases (partial CO2 and O2 pressures), ions (Na+, K+, Ca++, HCO3 -), hemoglobin, plasma glucose, albumin, uric acid, creatine kinase (CK) activity, and white blood cell differential counts. The experiment was repeated under fall and summer environmental conditions. The preslaughter treatments (i.e., catching, crating, and transportation) imposed in this study were only moderately stressful in broiler chickens, as indicated by the low heterophil/lympocyte (H/L) ratios observed. In general, many of the blood parameters measured were of limited value in profiling the extent of stress in broiler chickens. Blood gas and hematological values varied primarily by age and season, with no consistent trends due to preslaughter treatments. As expected, Rt, plasma uric acid, and glucose levels were higher in the summer than fall. Crating caused the highest Rt in parallel with weight density. Plasma CK activity was higher in the fall and increased with crating and transportation. Overall, physiological responses to preslaughter treatments increased with age, largely due to increasing body mass. Transportation was more stressful in young broilers (i.e., <42 d of age), whereas crating appeared to be a major stressor in older birds (>49 d of age). Under the conditions of this study, alterations in most physiological parameters due to catching, crating, and transportation were moderate and may be considered a normal stress response in broiler chickens.Öğe Characteristics of foot ailments in Ege region [Ege bölgesindeki ayak problemlerinin özellikleri](Turkiye Klinikleri, 2010) Ögce F.; Özyalçin H.; Özkan S.Objective: Foot pain is one of the most frequent health problems in the general population and is a challenging clinical situation for the health professional, since the etiology of painful and deformed feet is poorly understood. The aim of the study was to investigate the foot pain and plantar foot loading characteristics to determine foot ailments in people who live in Ege Region. Pedography was used to analyse foot loading parameters during barefoot walking. We also aimed to find a correlation between the clinical diagnosis and pedographic findings. Material and Methods: A total of 1321 subjects (2642 feet) were evaluated. Subjects were categorized according to foot type to examine the effects on foot problems. Foot discomfort was noted according to individuals' complaints and clinical diagnosis. Results: In the present study lowering of transverse arch has been seen as the most common foot ailment (80.5%) in the study population. The other common foot problems were pesplanovalgus (19.3%) and lateral foot loading (16.4%). Foot disorders were mostly seen in overweight women, and this increased with increasing age. Most of the subjects had Greek foot type (59.1%) and lowering of transverse arch was found least often in this foot type. Conclusion: There was direct relationship of foot problems with gender, age, body mass index, foot type and profession. In some cases clinic diagnoses were found to disagree with pedographic analysis. This study highlights the importance of foot loading examination for people of all ages for early diagnosis of foot deformities. © 2010 by Türkiye Klinikleri.Öğe Çukurkent neolithic settlement in light of new finds [Yeni buluntularin isiginda £ukurkent neoiitik yerlesimi](Simurg Kitapclk, Yaynclk ve Datm Ltd. ti., 2014) Özkan S.; Erdalkiran M.The village of ukurkent IS located near the junction of the Beyehir-Isparta and Hiiyiik- Doganhisar intercity roads within the Hiiyiik district west of Konya (Figs. 1-2). This location attracted many scholars and visitors in the early 20th century, and some finds have been published. For the archaeological world (Jukurkent \s a slope settlement of the Late Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods located about 1 km. from the village. Despite numerous surveys, pottery finds have never been published comprehensively. The potsherds presented in detail with this article for the first time include six rims, one bottom, two body fragments with lugs, one lug, and one body fragment, totalling 11 pieces (Figs. 3-4). Four of these shards belong to pots, three are rims and one is a body (Figs. 3, 1-4). The first three examples are typical deep pots with S-profile or vertical walls of the Late Neolithic period of the region. The closest parallels of these pots are known from Yilan Hoyiik, Kanal Hoyiik, Erbaba, Hacilar and Hoyiicek. In addition, three rims and three body fragments with lugs have been collected at Qukurkent (Figs. 3, 5-7; 4, 1-3). Two of the pots have hole mouths (Figs. 3, 5-6) and their parallels are found at Yilan Hoyiik, Erbaba, Hacilar and Hoyiicek. Another pot (Fig. 3, 7) has a simple rim and a neck flaring towards the body; its closest parallels are known from Erbaba and Hoyiicek. In addition, there are body fragments with lugs on them (Fig. 4, 1-3). Their parallels are found at Erbaba, Hacilar and Kanal Hoyiik. The last example (Fig. 4, 4) is a flat bottom, which may belong to a deep pot or bowl, and its parallels are known from Erbaba and Hacilar. The clay of Qukurkent pottery is usually huff coloured or light shades of brown; the exceptions are two pieces with dark brown - blackish clay. Pottery examples collected at Qukurkent shows that its pottery is closely related with the pottery of Burdur and its environs, and conforms to the Late Neolithic pottery repertory of the region. An interesting group of finds from ukurkent is an assembly of 12 figurines, four of which are of clay and the rest of stone (Figs. 5-8). Nine of these figurines are overweight female figures depicted standing, sitting or reclining, as in the other settlements of the region. Furthermore, there are three heads - Two of the type affixed later and one broken off. In general, the figurines from (Jukurkent are coarsely worked and look quite plain, as the organs are not rendered in detail. Spread across various museums and collections, some of them have already been published, but they are compiled here altogether. In addition to clay, the figurines of Qukurkent are made of various stones such as green steatite, marble and limestone. This puts them closer to those from the settlements of the Konya Plain; however, their style is much closer to those from the settlements of the Burdur- Antalya region. Among other stone items from (Jukurkent are one intact slab/pallet, two stone vessel fragments and a grinding stone (Figs. 9-12). The stone vessel fragment with ring base, previously mentioned by Todd, should also be included in this group. Particularly the stone vessels of (Jukurkent closely resemble those from Hacilar and Hoyucek, and the authors are of the opinion that at least the white marble vessel was imported from the region. On an important route northeast of Beyehir Lake, Qjkurkent is located at the junction of main roads leading to Isparta, Hiiyuk, Konya and Beyehir. Thus it was in contact with the settlement of the Lakes District and Konya Plain. This is also verified by the potsherds, mother goddess figurines, stone vessels and obsidian items collected from the site. Some works from (^ukurkent suggest that the site was part of a trade network because there is no raw material source in close proximity. Thus the obsidian would have been imported from Central Anatolia while the marble vessel, whose leg is presented here, was imported from the Lakes District. A point of discussion regarding ukurkent is the high number of figurines reflecting influence from two regions. Above all, as proposed before, if (Jukurkent were a sacred site, its location was very convenient for the people using the above-mentioned roads. Considering the archaeological evidence from a wider angle, the authors are of the opinion that, like at Hoyucek in the Lakes District with which (Jukurkent was in contact, there were shrines, or at least such areas, in the houses. This article has brought together all the published archaeological finds, information and proposals about Qukurkent in order to obtain more satisfactory data on the site. Despite the lack of systematic excavations at the site, archaeological evidence available suggests a Late Neolithic settlement here. The concerned finds reflect the influence of Neolithic settlements from both the Lakes District and the Konya Plain. Former researchers claimed that (Jukurkent has strata of the Chalcolithic and EBA periods, but this claim needs to be debated through modern survey methods. Another area of research should cover the items collected from (Jukurkent and dispersed to various collections. Thus the cultural structure of the settlement will be more comprehensively understood.Öğe Dietary vitamin e (?-tocopherol acetate) and selenium supplementation from different sources: Performance, ascites-related variables and antioxidant status in broilers reared at low and optimum temperatures(2007) Özkan S.; Malayoglu H.B.; Yalçin S.; Karadaş F.; Koçtürk S.; Çabuk M.; Oktay G.; Özdemir S.; Özdemir E.; Ergül M.1. This study compared the effect of dietary supplementation with organic or inorganic selenium (Se) sources plus control amounts or large amounts of vitamin E (-tocopherol acetate) in broilers raised at control (20 to 24C) or low (145 to 168C) temperatures after 2 weeks of age. 2. The following dietary treatments were used from one day old. Diet 1, the control diet, comprised a commercial diet containing 015 mg/kg inorganic Se and 50 mg vitamin E/kg feed. Diet 2 was the same as diet 1, supplemented with 015 mg/kg inorganic Se. Diet 3 was the same as diet 2 but was supplemented with 200 mg/kg vitamin E. Diet 4 was the same as diet 1, but inorganic Se was replaced with 030 mg/kg organic Se. Diet 5 was the same as diet 4, supplemented with 200 mg/kg vitamin E. 3. Low temperature reduced the growth rate of broilers; however, at 6 weeks, there were no differences in the body weights of birds fed on organic Se supplemented diets housed at low or control temperature. The feed conversion ratio was significantly affected by low temperature but not by diet. The heterophil/lymphocyte ratio was higher in chicks after one week in the cold, indicating mild stress. Blood triiodothyronine levels were significantly higher in birds after 1 and 4 weeks in the cold but thyroxin was not affected. 4. Organic Se supplementation increased relative lung weight at the control temperature, which might lead to greater respiratory capacity. Relative spleen weight significantly decreased in broilers fed diets supplemented with inorganic Se under cold conditions, a possible indication of chronic oxidative stress. 5. At the low temperature, supplementation with organic Se alone, or with inorganic Se and vitamin E increased glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) activity and glutathione (GSH) concentration in the liver of broilers, which may indicate increased activity of birds' antioxidant defence against suboptimal environments.Öğe Dietary vitamin E (?-tocopheryl acetate) and organic selenium supplementation: Performance and antioxidant status of broilers fed n-3 PUFA-enriched feeds(2009) Malayoglu H.B.; Özkan S.; Koçtürk S.; Oktay G.; Ergül M.The experiment was conducted to study the effects of organic selenium (Se-enriched yeast) and vitamin E (?-tocopheryl acetate) supplementation, alone or together, on the performance and antioxidant status of broilers fed diets enriched in n-3 PUFAs using fish oil. Day-old Hubbard-JV strain broiler chicks allocated to one of the following treatments: (1) a commercial basal diet containing 0.15 mg inorganic Se /kg as sodium selenite and 50 mg ?-tocopheryl acetate (?-TA)/kg feed acted as the control; (2) VE200: Control diet supplemented with 200 mg ?-TA/kg feed; (3) OrgSe0.15: Control with inorganic Se replaced with 0.15 mg organic Se/kg; (4) OrgSe0.30: Control with inorganic Se replaced with 0.30 mg organic Se/kg feed; (5) VE200+OrgSe0.15, (6) VE200+OrgSe0.30. Body weight (BW) and body weight gain (BWG) to 42 d were significantly improved with vitamin E or organic Se at 0.30 mg/kg (but not at 0.15 mg/kg) when supplemented individually, but not in combination, except that VE200+OrgSe0.15 improved 28 and 35-d body weights significantly compared with the control. Feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), mortality, carcass characteristics and relative organ weights, except for the spleen, were unaffected by any of the supplementation treatments. The significant positive effect of VE200 on BWG was observed after 21 d. Relative spleen weight was significantly higher in broilers fed VE200 compared to the other treatments. The antioxidative effects of organic Se and vitamin E, alone or together, were not evident in diets enriched in n-3 PUFAs using 1.5% fish oil. © South African Society for Animal Science.Öğe Effect of breeder age and slaughter weight on meat quality traits of broiler breast and leg meats [Einfluss des alters der elterntiere und des schlachtgewichts auf qualitätseigenschaften von broiler-brust- und -schenkelfleisch](Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2014) Yalçin S.; Güler H.C.; Yaşa İ.; İzzetoğlu G.T.; Özkan S.The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of breeder age (28-wk vs. 48-wk of age breeders) on meat quality traits of breast and leg meats of broilers slaughtered at 1800, 2100 and 2400 g weights. The pH24, colour, thawing and cooking loss, texture, initial protein solubility and myofibril dimensions were measured. Slaughter weight affected pH24, lightness, thawing and cooking loss and protein solubilities of broiler breast and leg meat.Tenderness of leg meat decreased with slaughter weight. Breast meat from 48-wk breeders lost more water during thawing. A significant breeder age by slaughter weight interaction showed that the increases in initial myofibrillar protein solubility of breast meat and both initial myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic protein solubilities of leg meat with slaughter weight were higher in broilers from 28-wk breeders than those from 48-wk breeders There was negative correlation between breast meat pH24 and L*, b*, and thawing loss whereas leg meat pH24 was positively correlated with a*, negatively correlated with b*, texture, thawing and cooking loss. A negative correlation was found between cooking loss and myofibrillar protein solubilities of breast meat.The results suggested that breeder age may affect thawing loss of breast meat and total initial protein solubility of both breast and leg meats. Higher myofibrillar protein solubility found for breast and leg meat of broilers from 28-wk breeders may indicate better functional qualities. © Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart.Öğe Effect of dietary methionine on performance, carcase characteristics and breast meat composition of heterozygous naked neck (Na/na+) birds under spring and summer conditions(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 1999) Yalçin S.; Özkan S.; Açikgöz Z.; Özkan K.1. Heteroxygous naked neck (Na/na+) birds and their normally feathered counterparts (na+/ na+) were fed from 0 to 7 weeks on 3 diets differing in methionine concentrations. From 0 to 3 and 3 to 7 weeks, respectively, the concentrations were: low containing 4.3 and 3.3 g/kg; optimum containing 5.0 and 3.8 g/kg and; high with 5.7 and 4.4 g/kg under spring (optimum ambient temperature) and summer conditions (high ambient temperature). Performance, carcase characteristics and breast meat chemical composition were determined. 2. Summer rearing resulted in a decrease in body weight, body weight gain, food consumption, and yields of carcase and breast. The summer temperature effect was more pronounced in males. Under summer temperatures, the protein content of the breast decreased while the fat content increased compared to birds reared in spring. 3. By 7 weeks of age, both genotypes reached similar body weights in the spring experiment while, in summer Na/na+ birds were 3.3% heavier and gained more in the period from 3 to 7 weeks than na+/na+ birds. Carcase and breast yields of Na/na+ birds were greater than in na+/na+ birds. 3. Second order polynomial coefficients of the dietary methionine effect were found to be significant for body weight at 3 and 7 weeks. Daily body weight gain between 3 and 7 weeks was linearly affected by the dietary methionine concentration. There was no interaction between genotype and methionine. 4. Methionine had no significant effect on carcase yield. Second order polynomial coefficients of the dietary methionine effect were found to be significant for breast yield while the methionine effect on abdominal fat was linear. Na/na+ females fed on the low methionine diet had lower protein content than the Na/na+ males. 5. It is concluded that the methionine requirement of Na/na+ birds did not differ from that of their normally feathered counterparts under either spring or summer ambient temperature conditions. © 1999 British Poultry Science Ltd.Öğe Effect of dietary protein regime on meat quality traits and carcase nutrient content of broilers from two commercial genotypes(2010) Yalçin S.; Özkul H.; Özkan S.; Gous R.; Yaşa I.; Babacanoglu E.1. The present study aimed to evaluate breast muscle quality and muscle myofibre density in two broiler genotypes given three dietary protein feeding regimes. 2. A total of 1440 Ross 308 and 708 broilers (720/genotype) were given one of three dietary protein regimes (Low: 192, 166 and 155 g/kg, Control: 229, 199 and 182 g/kg and High: 266, 235 and 207 g/kg for starter, grower and finisher diets respectively). On d 21 and 42, initial protein solubility, DNA and myofibre density were determined. On d 42, breast meat samples were collected for meat quality analyses. 3. There were no genotype effects on pH24, L*, a* or b* values. Thawing loss was higher in meat from the 708 than the 308 genotype. 4. Broilers given the low protein feeding regime had highest carcase fat, lowest pH24 and palest meat. The low regression coefficients between dietary protein content and changes in pH24 and lightness, however, demonstrated that dietary protein was not the principal factor influencing these traits. 5. Although sarcoplasmic protein solubility was similar among protein feeding regimes on d 21, the highest sarcoplasmic protein solubility on d 42 was in broilers on the high protein regime. 6. Myofibre density was highest in meat from broilers given the low protein regime. 7. It was concluded that dietary-protein content contributes significantly to both protein solubility and myofibre density. © 2010 British Poultry Science Ltd.Öğe Effects of cage density on the performance of laying hens during high summer temperatures [Yüksek yaz sicakliklarinda kafes yerleşim sikliginin yumurta tavuklarinin performansi üzerine etkileri](2002) Altan A.; Altan Ö.; Özkan S.; Özkan K.; Akbaş Y.; Ayhan V.This study was conducted to determine the effects of different cage densities on laying performance of white and brown hybrid layers during high summer temperatures. White layers, 68 weeks of age, were housed at a density of 3, 4 or 5 hens/cage (respectively 640, 480 and 384 cm2/hen); brown layers were housed at 3 or 4 hens/cage (respectively 640 and 480 cm2/hen). The results indicated that housing at 3 or 4 hens/cage did not affect egg production or egg quality significantly. Increasing the cage density to 5 hens/cage in white layers decreased egg production and Haugh Units. However, it was observed that shell quality and egg weight were not affected significantly by higher cage density.Öğe Effects of different lighting treatment on broiler performance [Degişik Aydinlatma Yöntemlerinin Etlik Piliç Performansi Üzerine Etkisi](1998) Altan Ö.; Altan A.; Özkan S.This study was conducted to determine the effects of restricted light on broiler performance and carcass parameters. Day-old broiler chicks were placed (70 chicks/pen) in each 9 floor pens which were in three different rooms in the poultry house, thus giving us three replicates for each lighting teratment. In the first three days, lighting schedules was 23 h light (L): 1 h dark (D) for all pens. Then three pens were randomly assigned to each of the three leihting treatmens: 1. Group (control): 23L:1D, 2. Group: natural day light from days 4 to 35 and 23L: 1D from days 36 to 40, 3. Group: 23L:1D from days 1 to 21 and 12L:11D:1L (one hour light at midnight) from days 22 to 40. Results showed that there was no light treatmant effects for body weight, feed convertion ratio, mortality, carcass weights and yields of different carcass parts except of the yield of leg. The highest yield of leg was observed in the third group. As a result of these experimental findings, it is concluded that it is possible to use a restricted lighting schedule after three days of age in broilers that raised in curtain-sided and conventional poultry houses without any detrimental effect on broiler performance.Öğe Effects of temperature during rearing and crating on stress parameters and meat quality of broilqers(2006) Akşit M.; Yalçin S.; Özkan S.; Metin K.; Özdemir D.Two trials were conducted to study the effects of heat stress during rearing (trial 1) and crating (trial 2) on broiler stress parameters and fear, breast meat quality, and nutrient composition. The relationships between stress parameters and meat quality traits were also determined. Trial 1 consisted of 3 temperature treatments from 3 to 7 wk: control (temperature was 22°C); diurnal cyclic temperature (temperature was 28°C from 1000 to 1700 h and 22°C from 1700 to 1000 h); and constant high temperature (34°C; temperature was 34°C). In trial 2, broilers from the control and 34°C groups in trial 1 were used. Broilers in each group were placed in transport cages. The 9 cages from the control group were divided into 3 groups and placed into 3 rooms at 15, 22, or 34°C for 2 h. The 3 cages from the 34°C group were also held in the room at 34°C (34-34°C). Diurnal cyclic temperature had no effect on BW up to 5 wk of age. The effect of 34°C constant temperature on BW of broilers increased with age. Plasma levels of glucose and albumin increased by 34°C, but no dramatic change in levels occurred when those broilers were crated at 34°C. The heterophil:lymphocyte (H:L) was higher for the 34-34°C broilers and the control broilers in the 34°C room than those from the 22 and 15°C room. Breast muscle glycogen level decreased in broilers reared under diurnal cyclic or high temperatures. A lower pH and higher lightness (L*) and redness values and redness:yellowness were found in meat for broilers from both 34°C and 34-34°C groups. Higher H:L was associated with breast muscle pH according to first-order polynomial regression. The H:L had a significant effect on L* values, which were described by a second-order polynomial regression. Blood glucose level was positively correlated with L* and redness values. Duration of tonic immobility was neither influenced by rearing and crating temperatures nor associated with meat quality parameters. ©2006 Poultry Science Association Inc.Öğe Manipulation of incubation temperatures to increase cold resistance of broilers: Influence on embryo development, organ weights, hormones and body composition(Japan Poultry Science Association, 2012) Yalçin S.; Özkan S.; Siegel P.; Yenisey C.; Akşit M.Eighteen hundred eggs obtained from Ross broiler breeders at 32 and 48 wk age were randomly assigned to two incubation treatments: T1 eggs were incubated at 37.6°C throughout, while for T2 eggs the incubation temperature was reduced 1°C for 6 h daily at embryonic ages (EA) 10 to 18. Embryo and organ weights and body composition were measured at EA14, 19 and day of hatch (DOH). Hatchability and hatching duration, as well as serum triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxin (T3), and triglycerides were measured at DOH. T1 eggs contained less water than T2 eggs at EA18. Hatchability was lower and the incubation period was 4.2 h longer for T2 than T1 chicks. On DOH for older breeders chick weights and serum T3 levels were higher for T2 than T1; however, those from younger breeders were similar at both incubation temperatures. These results may show a beneficial effect of T2 treatment in older breeders. Incubation temperature did not affect triglycerides levels. On DOH, higher body lipids content of T2 than T1 chicks may contribute to their resistance to cold post hatch. © 2012, Japan Poultry Science Association.Öğe Muscle structure and gene expression in pectoralis major muscle in response to deep pectoral myopathy induction in fast-and slow-growing commercial broilers(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2019) Yalcin S.; Şahin K.; Tuzcu M.; Bilgen G.; Özkan S.; Izzetoğlu G.T.; Işik R.1. The objective of this study was to determine muscle structure and gene expression in pectoralis major (p. major) muscle of broilers in response to deep pectoral myopathy (DPM) induction. 2. A total of 160 chickens from slow-and fast-growing broilers were raised under same conditions. Half of the broilers from each strain were encouraged to wing flap when they reached 2800 g body weight. Pectoralis minor (p. minor) muscle of the broilers was inspected for the occurrence of DPM and p. major samples were collected from broilers with or without DPM. The muscle fibre area and number, capillary number and the signalling pathways of vascular development (vascular endothelial growth factor A, VEGFA) and muscle contraction regulation (actin alpha 1, ACTA1; myosin light chain kinase 2, MYLK2 and ATPase Ca+2 transporting gene 1, ATP2A1) were studied in p. major muscle. 3. DPM induction increased fibre area of p. major muscle with a greater rate in the slow-growing strain compared with fast-growing line. Although the capillary number was higher in slow-growing compared with fast-growing broilers, in the case of DPM induction, the number of capillaries was similar between strains. 4. Expression of VEGFA, MYLK2 and ATP2A1 was greater in slow-than in fast-growing broilers. DPM induction increased expression of ACTA1, VEGFA and ATP2A1 in p. major muscle of broilers from both strains; however, MYLK2 expression was downregulated. 5. Changes in capillary density and expression of VEGFA found in the p. major muscle of broilers with DPM suggest increased blood flow to increase oxygen availability. The upregulation of ATP2A1 by DPM induction could be attributable to alterations in calcium ion transportation from the cytoplasm into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 6. The results are evidence of changes in muscle structure and gene expression pathways in p. major muscle of broilers with DPM. © 2018 British Poultry Science Ltd.Öğe Restricted growth of broilers 1. Effects of different restricted feeding programs on broiler performance and carcass characteristics [Etlik Piliçlerde Gelişmenin Geciktirilmesi: Degişik Sinirli Yemleme Programlarinin Etlik Piliç Performansi ve Karkas Özelliklerine Etkileri](1998) Altan Ö.; Özkan S.; Yalçin S.In this study, the influence of different methods of feed restriction on the performance of broiler with two genotypes, was investigated. Compensatory growth after feed restriction was studied and the effects of the restriction on feed consumption, growth and carcass characteristics were discussed. Broilers in each genotypes were separated in three groups randomly. In the first group, all birds were fed fully (Control). Feed restriction at the level of basal metabolism were used from 7 to 14 days of age in second group, and from 14 to 21 days of age in third group. There has been evidence of compensatory growth in birds restricted in early life (from 7 to 14 and from 14 to 21 days of age). Feed consumption in the restricted birds was less and feed conversion was better than the birds full fed, at 7 th weeks of age. Feed restiction had no significant effect on broiler carcass yield and percentage of abdominal fat pad, legs and breast. As a result, compensatory growth at 6th wk following feed restriction was observed in broilers.
