Kabay N.Bryjak M.2019-10-262019-10-2620159780444634658; 9780444634542https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63454-2.00009-5https://hdl.handle.net/11454/17004The reverse osmosis (RO) membrane desalination process is a relevant and reliable technology for the desalination of seawater. However, some serious limitations have recently been discovered during field practice, among them the boron problem seems to be critically important. It has been reported that the target level of boron in permeate, which was set at 0.5. mg/L, was rarely reached for conventional RO desalination plants equipped with commercially available membranes. Although boron is an essential trace element for plant growth, it can be detrimental at higher concentrations. Therefore, boron limits in the permeate of seawater RO process were kept between 0.3 and 1. mg/L till 2011. In 2011, the World Health Organization modified the Boron Guideline Value and raised it to 2.4. mg/L. However, some utilities may still set seawater desalination plant product water limits lower than 1. mg/L, bearing the agricultural-related issues in mind. This chapter will mostly deal with the RO integrated membrane processes used particularly for boron removal from seawater. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.en10.1016/B978-0-444-63454-2.00009-5info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessBoronDesalinationHybrid processesMembrane processesReverse osmosisSeawater contentsBook Chapter219235N/A