Jalilnejad Falizi N.Fakhraddinfakhriazar S.Güngören Madenoğlu T.2024-08-312024-08-312023978-032388509-6978-032390673-9https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-88509-6.00003-4https://hdl.handle.net/11454/103859Increase in fossil fuel consumption and rapid industrialization over the past century have contributed significantly to global warming. Alternatives to fossil fuels are being sought. Fuel cells (FC) are one of the most promising new technologies for reducing emissions of CO2, CO, SOx, and NOx. The storage and conversion of energy is a critical link between energy production and consumption. There is a need for a more suitable option to store and exploit the green and renewable energies of the future, as traditional fossil fuels are inherently unsustainable energy storage media with finite reserves and pollution problems. Moreover, in light of pressing energy and environmental concerns, clean and efficient fuel use is necessary. FC is an electrochemical device that converts the chemical energy of a fuel and an oxidant into electricity, along with heat, water, and steam as byproducts. In this chapter, brief descriptions of the various types of FCs and their primary components are provided, along with a discussion of the relevant material issues. Then, the potential modifications to the presented FCs are presented. Finally, future trends and current challenges associated with nonmicrobial FCs are addressed. © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.en10.1016/B978-0-323-88509-6.00003-4info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccessAEMFCFossil fuelsfuel cellsion-exchangemembranesPEMFCBook Chapter1912272-s2.0-85190026175N/A