Pesticide usage and their potential adverse impacts on living organisms
Küçük Resim Yok
Tarih
2001
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Tanm ilaçlan, ürünleri hastalık etmenleri, zararlı organizmalar ve yabancı otlardan korumak için üretilen toksik kimyasal maddelerdir. Bunlardan bazıları diğerlerine göre çok daha zehirlidir. Ancak, doğru biçimde kullanılmadığında tüm tarım ilaçları hedef dışı sıcak kanlılar ve çevre için istenmeyen olumsuz etkiler doğurabilir. Pestisitler, bitki korumada yabancı otların, hastalıkların ve zararlıların savaşımında vazgeçilmez bir tarımsal girdidir. Pestistlerin tarımda yoğun olarak kullanılmaları veya yanlış kullanılmaları besin kirlenmelerine ve çevre zehirlenmelerine yol açabilirler. Gelişmekte olan ülkelerde insan ve hayvanların bazı pestisitlerin alınımından kaçınması oldukça zordur. Akut zehirlenme olaylarının çokluğu nedeniyle bazı pestisitler yüksek organizmaların muhtemel ölüm nedeni olabilmekledir. Daha önemlisi, pestisitler çeşitli organizmalarda kronik zehirlenmenin bir sonucu olarak geniş spektrumlu biyolojik yan etkiler oluşturabilir. Türkiye 'de yaygın olarak kullanılan bazı pestisitler (örneğin klorlandırılmış hidrokarbonlar) zararsız ürünlere parçalanmadan çevrede (toprak, su, bitkide) uzun bir süre kalabilmektedir. Böylece, biomagnifıkasyon yoluyla hedef dışı organizmalarda birikerek kronik toksisitelerden sorumlu olabilmektedir. Ayrıca, kronik toksisite nedeniyle metobolik değişimler ile ilişkili çeşitli anormallikler oluşabilir. Mutagenik, teratojenik, karsinojenik ve nörotoksik etkiler, ekotoksikolojik çalışmalarda kronik toksisitenin temel kriterleridir. Pestisitlerin özellikle herbisit ve fungisitlerin mitotik aktivite üzerine etkileri bir çok araştırmada kanıtlanmıştır. Kromozomal anormalilere neden olabildiği gibi mikronukleus, kromozom köprüleri, anormal konfıgürasyon, nukleus onarımı ve poliploidi gibi mitotik çemberde bozulmalara neden olabilmektedir. Bundan başka, tiroid dokularında ve karaciğerde tümör oluşumu, karsinojenik etkiler olarak insan sağlığında eri sıcak konulardan bazılarıdır. En iyi bilinen örnek, EPA tarafından muhtemel insan kanseri olarak sınıflandırılan EBDCJungisitlerinin bir parçalanma ürünü olan ethylenethiourea (ETU) 'dır. Pestisitlerin olumsuz etkileri üzerinde toplumsal kaygılar, gelişmiş ülkelerde giderek artmaktadır. Bu derlememizde, Türkiye 'de ve dünyada pestisit kullanımı konusunda genel bilgi verilmeye çalışılacaktır. Ayrıca, kronik etkiler temel alınarak peslisitlerin toksik etkileri ve yapılan son çalışmalar ile pestisitlerin yararları gözden geçirilecektir.
Agrochemicals are toxic chemical substances used to prevent the crop from diseases, pests and weeds. Some of these chemicals are much more toxic than that of others. However, when they are applied imroperfy, all agrochemicals could pose to unwanted various negative effects to non-target warm blooded organizms and environment. Pesticides are inevitable agricultural input in crop protection to control of pests, diseases and weeds. The fact that pesticides are intensively used or misused in agriculture could give rise to potential environmental pollution and food contamination. Exposure of humans and animals to some pesticides is difficult to avoid in developing countries. Because of the high incidence of acute toxicities, some pesticides could be the possible reason of death for the higher organisms. More importantly, pesticides can produce a wide spectrum of adverse biological effects as the result of chronic toxicities in various organisms. Some commonly used pesticides in Turkey (such as chlorinated hydrocarbons) can persist for a long period in environment (soil, water, plants) without degradation into harmless products. So, they can be responsible for chronic toxicity by being accumulated in non-target organisms through biomagification. Moreover, various abnormalities can occur related to metabolic alterations due to chronic toxicities. Mutagenic, teratogenic, carsinogenic and neurotoxic effects are the basic criteria of chronic toxicities in ecotoxicological studies. Effects on mitotic activity of pesticides especially herbicides and fungicides are well documented in several researches. They may cause chromosomal abnormalities and. aberrations in mitotic cycle such as micronuclei, chromosome bridges, abnormal configuration, restitution nuclei and polyploidy. Furthermore, as carcinogenic effects, tumor formations in liver and thyroid tissues are some of the hottest issues in human health. The most known example is ethylenethiourea (ETU) which is a degradation product of EBDCfungicides, that w,as classified by EPA as a probable human carcinogen. Public concern on negative effects of pesticides is increasing in developed countries. In this paper, some information will be given on the usage of pesticide in Turkey and in the world. Also, overall and the latest studies on toxic effects of pesticides were reviewed as to mainly their possible chronic effects and beneficals of the pesticides over their possible toxic effects.
Agrochemicals are toxic chemical substances used to prevent the crop from diseases, pests and weeds. Some of these chemicals are much more toxic than that of others. However, when they are applied imroperfy, all agrochemicals could pose to unwanted various negative effects to non-target warm blooded organizms and environment. Pesticides are inevitable agricultural input in crop protection to control of pests, diseases and weeds. The fact that pesticides are intensively used or misused in agriculture could give rise to potential environmental pollution and food contamination. Exposure of humans and animals to some pesticides is difficult to avoid in developing countries. Because of the high incidence of acute toxicities, some pesticides could be the possible reason of death for the higher organisms. More importantly, pesticides can produce a wide spectrum of adverse biological effects as the result of chronic toxicities in various organisms. Some commonly used pesticides in Turkey (such as chlorinated hydrocarbons) can persist for a long period in environment (soil, water, plants) without degradation into harmless products. So, they can be responsible for chronic toxicity by being accumulated in non-target organisms through biomagification. Moreover, various abnormalities can occur related to metabolic alterations due to chronic toxicities. Mutagenic, teratogenic, carsinogenic and neurotoxic effects are the basic criteria of chronic toxicities in ecotoxicological studies. Effects on mitotic activity of pesticides especially herbicides and fungicides are well documented in several researches. They may cause chromosomal abnormalities and. aberrations in mitotic cycle such as micronuclei, chromosome bridges, abnormal configuration, restitution nuclei and polyploidy. Furthermore, as carcinogenic effects, tumor formations in liver and thyroid tissues are some of the hottest issues in human health. The most known example is ethylenethiourea (ETU) which is a degradation product of EBDCfungicides, that w,as classified by EPA as a probable human carcinogen. Public concern on negative effects of pesticides is increasing in developed countries. In this paper, some information will be given on the usage of pesticide in Turkey and in the world. Also, overall and the latest studies on toxic effects of pesticides were reviewed as to mainly their possible chronic effects and beneficals of the pesticides over their possible toxic effects.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Ziraat, Ortak Disiplinler
Kaynak
ANADOLU Ege Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi
WoS Q Değeri
Scopus Q Değeri
Cilt
11
Sayı
1
