İzmir ili patates üretim alanlarında patates kist nematodları (globodera spp.) kök-ur nematodları (meloidogyne spp.) türlerinin yaygınlık, yoğunluk ve ırklarının tespiti, çeşit veya hat reaksiyonları ile dayanıklılık genlerinin moleküler işaretleyicilerle saptanması
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Tarih
2020
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
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Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Ege Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Bu çalışmada, İzmir İli'nde patateslerde ekonomik düzeyde zararlara neden olan Globodera spp. ve Meloidogyne spp. popülasyonlarının morfolojik ve moleküler yöntemler kullanılarak tanılanması, yayılış alanları ve yoğunluklarının belirlenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Aynı zamanda tanılanan Globodera rostochiensis (Wollenweber, 1923) Skarbilovich, 1959 (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae) ve Meloidogyne chitwoodi Golden et al., 1980 (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) popülasyonlarının, Ege Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü'ne ait aday patates çeşitlerine karşı konukçu reaksiyonlarının araştırılması ve denemelerde kullanılan türlerin ırklarının ortaya konularak söz konusu nematodlara dayanıklılığı sağlayan genlerin moleküler işaretleyicilerle belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Sürvey çalışmaları sonucunda, Globodera spp. sadece Ödemiş ilçesindeki 32 tarlada saptanmış; Bayındır, Dikili, Kiraz ve Tire ilçelerinde rastlanmamıştır. Globodera spp.'ye ait tüm örneklerin G. rostochiensis olduğu ve tüm örnekler içerisinde %14.35 oranında bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Meloidogyne spp. ise Ödemiş'te 34, Bayındır'da 3, Dikili'de 3, Kiraz'da 1 tarlada tespit edilmiş; Tire ilçesinde bulunamamıştır. Meloidogyne türlerine tüm örneklerin %18.38'inde rastlanmıştır. Toplam 41 örneğin 25 adedinin Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 (%60.97), 10 adedinin Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood, 1949 (%24.39), 5 adedinin Meloidogyne hapla (Chitwood, 1949) (%12.20) ve bir adedinin M. chitwoodi (%2.44) olduğu saptanmıştır. Globodera ve Meloidogyne türleri için 250 cm³ topraktaki birey sayıları incelendiğinde, bulaşık bulunan örneklerin tamamı Globodera spp. için bildirilen ekonomik zarar eşiğinin üzerinde belirlenirken, 41 Meloidogyne popülasyonu içerisinde ise sadece 3 popülasyon (M. chitwoodi, 1 popülasyon; M. incognita, 2 popülasyon) eşik seviyelerinin üzerinde bulunmuştur. Meloidogyne chitwoodi popülasyonunun ırklarının belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda, havuç, yonca, domates ve biber bitkileri üzerindeki üreme durumları ve üreme oranları sonuçları dikkate alındığında İzmir İli'nde sadece M. chitwoodi ırk-1'in varlığı tespit edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, G. rostochiensis popülasyonlarının (Bozdağ ve Gölcük) Agria, Sante ve Desiree patates çeşitleri kullanılarak yürütülen ırk belirleme çalışmaları sonucunda bu popülasyonların söz konusu patates çeşitleri üzerinde oluşturdukları ortalama kist sayılarına göre, ırk 2/3 oldukları ilk kez bu çalışma ile belirlenmiştir. Ege Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü'ne ait 5 adet aday patates çeşidi ile Palladia ve Desiree çeşitlerinin, G. rostochiensis ırk 2/3 (Bozdağ ve Gölcük) ve M. chitwoodi ırk 1 (228) popülasyonlarına verdikleri tepkiler araştırılmıştır. Globodera rostochiensis ırk 2/3 (Bozdağ ve Gölcük) inokulasyonundan 120 gün sonra, elde edilen her bitkideki ortalama kist sayısı, oransal duyarlılık (%) ve skor değerleri sonucunda tüm aday patates çeşitleri ile Desiree çeşidi her iki popülasyona karşı duyarlı iken, Palladia çeşidi her iki popülasyona da dayanıklı bulunmuştur. Meloidogyne chitwoodi ırk 1 inokulasyonundan 60 gün sonra elde edilen yumurta paketi sayısı ve yumurta paketi indeksi sonuçları doğrultusunda ise, 2.8, 3.2, 9.2, 11.1, 11.2 kodlu patates çeşitleri ile Palladia ve Desiree çeşitlerinin bu popülasyona duyarlı tepki verdiği ve tüm çeşitlerin iyi konukçu olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, 11.2 kodlu çeşit ile Palladia çeşidi diğer çeşitlere kıyasla düşük üreme oranı göstermiştir. Çeşitlerde Globodera spp. ve Meloidogyne spp.'ye karşı dayanıklılığı sağlayan genler moleküler işaretleyicilerle belirlenmiştir. Denemede kullanılan çeşitlerin hiçbirinde Gro1-4 dayanıklılık geni tespit edilmemiş ve çeşitler G. rostochiensis ırk 2/3'e karşı duyarlı bulunmuştur. Ancak, PCR çalışmaları sonucunda 2.8 ve 3.2 kodlu çeşitlerde H1 dayanıklık geninin bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Denemede kullanılan tüm çeşitlerde G. rostochiensis ırk 2/3'e karşı dayanıklılık söz konusu değilken, 2.8 ve 3.2 kodlu çeşitlerde H1 dayanıklılık geninin saptanması, bu çeşitlerin G. rostochiensis ırk 1/4'e karşı dayanıklı olabileceğini göstermektedir.
In this study, it was aimed to identify Globodera spp. and Meloidogyne spp. populations that cause economic damage to potatoes in İzmir province, using morphological and molecular methods, and also to determine their distribution areas and density. Moreover, it was aimed to investigate the host reactions of the some potato varieties developed by the Aegean Agricultural Research Institute against identified Globodera rostochiensis (Wollenweber, 1923) Skarbilovich, 1959 (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae) and Meloidogyne chitwoodi Golden et al., 1980 (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) populations and to identify the genes that provide resistance to the nematodes by determining the pathotypes of the species used in the experiments. At the result of the survey, while Globodera spp. was determined in 32 potato fields in Ödemiş district, it was not detected in Bayındır, Dikili, Kiraz and Tire districts. All Globodera spp. samples were identified as G. rostochiensis and were found in 14.35% of all samples. Melodiogyne spp. were determined in potato cultivation areas of Ödemiş (34 fields), Bayındır (3 fields), Dikili (3 fields) and Kiraz (1 field) districts, there was no samples in Tire district. Besides, Meloidogyne species were found in 18.38% of all nematode samples. A total of 41 samples, 25 samples were Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 (60.97%), 10 samples were Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood, 1949 (24.39%), 5 samples were Meloidogyne hapla (Chitwood, 1949) (% 12.20) and one of them was found to be M. chitwoodi (2.44%). When the number of individuals in 250 cm³ soils was examined for Globodera and Meloidogyne species, all of the samples infested with Globodera spp. were detected above the economic damage level, while only 3 populations (M. chitwoodi, 1 population; M. incognita, 2 populations) were found above the threshold levels in 41 Meloidogyne populations. According to the results of the reproduction status and reproduction rates of the M. chitwoodi population on carrot, clover, tomato and pepper plants, only M. chitwoodi pathotype-1 was determined in İzmir province. However, as a result of the experiments conducted by G. rostochiensis populations (Bozdağ and Gölcük) using Agria, Sante and Desiree potato varieties, it was determined for the first time that these populations were pathotype 2/3 according to the average number of cysts formed on these potato varieties. The reactions of 5 potato varieties developed by Aegean Agricultural Research Institute, Palladia and Desiree varieties to G. rostochiensis pathotype 2/3 (Bozdağ and Gölcük) and M. chitwoodi pathotype 1 (228) populations were investigated. 120 days after inoculation G. rostochiensis pathotype 2/3 (Bozdağ and Gölcük), according to the average number of cysts in each plant, sensitivity ratio (%) and score values, commercial candidate varieties, and Desiree were found susceptible, while Palladia was found resistant to both populations. In accordance with the number of egg packages and egg package index results obtained 60 days after inoculation of M. chitwoodi pathotype 1, it was determined that all candidate potato varieties (2.8, 3.2, 9.2, 11.1, 11.2), Palladia and Desiree were susceptible to this population and all varieties were detected as good hosts. Moreover, the Palladia cultivar and one candidate variety (11.2) showed a low growth rate when compared with other varieties. Genes that provide resistance to Globodera spp. and Meloidogyne spp. in potato varieties were identified by molecular markers. None of the cultivars used in the experiment were found to have a Gro1-4 resistance gene, and all varieties were susceptible to G. rostochiensis pathotype 2/3. However, as a result of PCR, it was determined that H1 resistance gene was found in varieties with the codes 2.8 and 3.2. While all potato varieties were susceptible to G. rostochiensis pathotype 2/3, potato varieties called 2.8 and 3.2 were resistant G. rostochiensis pathotype 1/4.
In this study, it was aimed to identify Globodera spp. and Meloidogyne spp. populations that cause economic damage to potatoes in İzmir province, using morphological and molecular methods, and also to determine their distribution areas and density. Moreover, it was aimed to investigate the host reactions of the some potato varieties developed by the Aegean Agricultural Research Institute against identified Globodera rostochiensis (Wollenweber, 1923) Skarbilovich, 1959 (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae) and Meloidogyne chitwoodi Golden et al., 1980 (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) populations and to identify the genes that provide resistance to the nematodes by determining the pathotypes of the species used in the experiments. At the result of the survey, while Globodera spp. was determined in 32 potato fields in Ödemiş district, it was not detected in Bayındır, Dikili, Kiraz and Tire districts. All Globodera spp. samples were identified as G. rostochiensis and were found in 14.35% of all samples. Melodiogyne spp. were determined in potato cultivation areas of Ödemiş (34 fields), Bayındır (3 fields), Dikili (3 fields) and Kiraz (1 field) districts, there was no samples in Tire district. Besides, Meloidogyne species were found in 18.38% of all nematode samples. A total of 41 samples, 25 samples were Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) Chitwood, 1949 (60.97%), 10 samples were Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood, 1949 (24.39%), 5 samples were Meloidogyne hapla (Chitwood, 1949) (% 12.20) and one of them was found to be M. chitwoodi (2.44%). When the number of individuals in 250 cm³ soils was examined for Globodera and Meloidogyne species, all of the samples infested with Globodera spp. were detected above the economic damage level, while only 3 populations (M. chitwoodi, 1 population; M. incognita, 2 populations) were found above the threshold levels in 41 Meloidogyne populations. According to the results of the reproduction status and reproduction rates of the M. chitwoodi population on carrot, clover, tomato and pepper plants, only M. chitwoodi pathotype-1 was determined in İzmir province. However, as a result of the experiments conducted by G. rostochiensis populations (Bozdağ and Gölcük) using Agria, Sante and Desiree potato varieties, it was determined for the first time that these populations were pathotype 2/3 according to the average number of cysts formed on these potato varieties. The reactions of 5 potato varieties developed by Aegean Agricultural Research Institute, Palladia and Desiree varieties to G. rostochiensis pathotype 2/3 (Bozdağ and Gölcük) and M. chitwoodi pathotype 1 (228) populations were investigated. 120 days after inoculation G. rostochiensis pathotype 2/3 (Bozdağ and Gölcük), according to the average number of cysts in each plant, sensitivity ratio (%) and score values, commercial candidate varieties, and Desiree were found susceptible, while Palladia was found resistant to both populations. In accordance with the number of egg packages and egg package index results obtained 60 days after inoculation of M. chitwoodi pathotype 1, it was determined that all candidate potato varieties (2.8, 3.2, 9.2, 11.1, 11.2), Palladia and Desiree were susceptible to this population and all varieties were detected as good hosts. Moreover, the Palladia cultivar and one candidate variety (11.2) showed a low growth rate when compared with other varieties. Genes that provide resistance to Globodera spp. and Meloidogyne spp. in potato varieties were identified by molecular markers. None of the cultivars used in the experiment were found to have a Gro1-4 resistance gene, and all varieties were susceptible to G. rostochiensis pathotype 2/3. However, as a result of PCR, it was determined that H1 resistance gene was found in varieties with the codes 2.8 and 3.2. While all potato varieties were susceptible to G. rostochiensis pathotype 2/3, potato varieties called 2.8 and 3.2 were resistant G. rostochiensis pathotype 1/4.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Globodera Rostochiensis, Meloidogyne Chitwoodi, Dayanıklılık, Irk, Patates, Resistance, Pathotype, Potato
