Mbuna çiklit (Iodotropheus sprengerae, Maylandia lombardoi, Melanochromis auratus, Pseudotropheus demasoni) türlerinde larval ve prejüvenil gelişimin tanımlanması ve farklı yemleme sıklıklarının üreme performansı, renklenme, büyüme ve yaşama oranı üzerine etkileri
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2016
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Ege Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Akvaryumlarda ele alınan canlıların en büyük grubunu çiklitler oluşturmaktadır. Özellikle Malawi Gölü'nde bulunan mbuna türleri her geçen gün sayıları daha da artan geniş bir gruptur. Bu çalışmada, dört farklı mbuna çiklit türünün larval ve prejüvenil gelişim evreleri ve farklı yemleme sıklıklarının bu türlerde büyüme, üreme performansı ve renklenmeleri üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Çalışma materyali olarak, özel bir işletmeden (İstanbul, Türkiye) temin edilen kenyi (Maylandia lombardoi), paslı (Iodotropheus sprengerae), auratus (Melanochromis auratus) ve demasoni (Pseudotropheus demasoni) çiklit türleri kullanılmıştır. Denemeler, Yalova Üniversitesi Armutlu Meslek Yüksekokulu'nda yürütülmüştür. Balıklardan kusturma yöntemiyle yavru ve yumurtalar elde edilmiş ve yapay yavruluklara stoklanmıştır. Daha sonra stereo mikroskop altında türlerin larval ve prejüvenil aşamaları fotoğraflanmıştır. Yemleme sıklığı denemelerinde iki günde bir (2G1), günde bir (G1), günde iki (G2), günde üç (G3) ve günde dört (G4) olmak üzere her bir tür için 5 adet besleme grubu oluşturulmuştur. Balıklar, belirlenen bu öğünlerde ticari granül yemle (AHM Marin Natural Cichlid Granulat) 16 hafta boyunca doyana kadar beslenmişlerdir. Çalışma, kapalı devre tatlısu sistemlerinde bulunan 15 adet 100 L hacme sahip fiberglas tanklarda 3 tekrarlı olarak yürütülmüştür. Dört besleme denemesinde de her bir tanka yaklaşık 2 g ağırlığında 10 adet birey stoklanmıştır. İki haftada bir yapılan örneklemelerde büyüme performansının belirlenmesi için ağırlık tartımı ve total boy ölçümü, üreme performansı için dişi balıkları kusturma ve renklenmenin belirlenmesinde ise balıkların vücut ve kuyruk bölgelerinden renkmetre ile ölçüm yapılmıştır. Larval gelişim denemesinde tüm türlerde klevaj, blastula, gastrula ve faringula evrelerini geçirdikten sonra yaklaşık 16. gün sonunda yavru taslağının şekillenmeye başladığı görülmüştür. Larval gelişimin paslı çiklitlerde 19, auratus çiklitlerde 20, kenyi ve demasoni çiklitlerde ise 21 gün sürdüğü sonucuna varılmıştır. Yemleme sıklığı denemelerinde is kenyi çiklitlerde günde 2, 3 ve 4 kez beslenen grupların son ortalama ağırlıkları istatistiksel olarak aynı olsa da en iyi büyüme 11,16 g ile günde 3 kez beslenen gruptan elde edilmiştir. Üreme performansı verilerine göre, döllenme oranı en iyi grup günde 3 kez beslenen kenyi çiklitlerdir (P<0,05). Renk parametrelerinde ise, en iyi vücut ve kuyruk parlaklığı günde 3 kez beslenen grupta gözlenmiştir (P<0,05). Paslı çiklitlerde günde 3 ve 4 kez beslenen grupların son ortalama ağırlıkları ve son ortalama total boyları istatistiksel olarak benzerdir. Üreme performansı verilerine göre, en fazla döl sayısı günde 3 kez beslenen gruptadır (P<0,05). Mutlak fekondite ve döllenme oranı günde 4 kez beslenen grupta daha yüksektir (P<0,05). Yumurta açılma oranı ve larva yaşama oranı ise günde 3 kez beslenen grupta daha yüksektir (P<0,05). Renklenme değerlerinde ise vücut ve kuyruk parlaklıkları arasında herhangi bir istatistiksel farklılık ortaya çıkmasa da en yüksek değerler yine günde 3 ve 4 kez beslenen gruplarda meydana gelmiştir. Auratus çiklitlerde en iyi spesifik büyüme ve yem dönüşüm oranları günde 4 kez beslenen grupta gözlenmiştir (P<0,05). Üreme performansı parametrelerine göre, en fazla döl sayısına sahip grup günde 3 kez beslenen gruptur (P<0,05). Renk parametrelerinin hem vücut hem de kuyruk b* değerleri açısından en iyi renklenme günde 4 kez beslenen grupta ortaya çıkmıştır (P<0,05). Demasoni çiklitlerin spesifik büyüme oranı en yüksek ve yem değerlendirme oranı en iyi grup ise günde 2 kez beslenenlerdir (P<0,05). Yaşama oranı da günde 1, 2, ve 3 kez beslenen gruplarda %100 olarak bulunmuştur (P>0,05). Üreme performansında mutlak fekondite parametresine göre diğer gruplardan en yüksek grup günde 2 kez beslenenlerdir (P<0,05). Renk parametrelerine göre, kuyruk b* değerleri arasında ise en yüksek grup günde 2 kez beslenenlerdir (P<0,05). Tüm bu parametreler doğrultusunda en ideal yemleme sıklıkları; kenyi çiklitler için günde 3, paslı çiklitlerde günde 3 veya 4, auratus çiklitlerde günde 4 ve demasoni çiklitlerde ise günde 2 kez besleme olarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, bu türlerin ticari üretimlerinde belirlenen yemleme sıklıklarının uygulanması, hem üreticiler hem de akvaristler açısından olumlu çıktılara sebep olacağı düşünülmektedir.
The largest group of living groups exhibited in aquariums are the cichlids. Especially mbuna species found in Lake Malawi represent a large group which are increasing the numbers each passing day. In this study, larval and prejuvenile development stages and the effects of different feeding frequencies on growth, reproductive performance and pigmentation of four mbuna cichlid species were investigated. As study material, kenyi (Maylandia lombardoi), rusty (Iodotropheus sprengerae), auratus (Melanochromis auratus) and demasoni (Pseudotropheus demasoni) cichlid species supplied from a commercial facility (İstanbul, Turkey) were used. Experiments were carried out in Yalova University Armutlu Vocational School (Yalova, Turkey). Eggs and fries were taken from buccal cavity of females and they were stocked to artificial breeding containers. Then, larval development stages were photographed under the stereo microscope. Five experimental feeding groups have been formed including every other day (2G1), one feeding daily (G1), two times a day (G2), three times a day (G3) and four times a day (G4) for each species in feeding frequency trials. Fish were fed with commercial granule feed for 16 weeks with ad libitum. The study was carried out in freshwater recirculating system which has 100 L each tank and 15 fiberglass tanks with three replicates. Ten individuals with average 2 g body weight have been stocked to each tank in every trials. Growth performance were monitored biweekly by weighing and measuring total lenghts. For determining the reproductive performance, eggs were removed from buccal cavity of fish, and they were monitored over 14 days. The color measurements were performed on left surface of body area and caudal region of each fish for every 2 weeks. In larval development experiment, the start of the formation of the young draft has been seen after the cleavage, blastula, gastrula and pharyngula stages for all species at the end of the 16th day. Larval development has been lasted for 19 days for rusty cichlids, 20 days for auratus cichlids, 21 days for both kenyi and demasoni cichlids. In feeding frequency trials of kenyi cichlids, although final mean weights of two, three and four times a day groups were statistically similar, the best growth was observed in three times a day group with 11.16 g. According to reproductive performance, fertilization rate of three times a day group were greater than the others (P<0.05). In color parameters, the best lightness of body and caudal regions were determined at three times a day group (P<0.05). Final mean weights and final mean total lenghts of rusty cichlids fed with three and four times a day were statistically similar. For reproductive performance, mean seed production of three times a day group was superior than the others (P<0.05). Absolute fecundity and fertilization rate of four times a day group were higher than the others (P<0.05). Egg hatching rate and larva survival rate of three times a day group were greater than the other groups (P<0.05). For coloration, although there is no statistically differences between ligthness of body and caudal regions, the best values were observed at three and four times a day groups. The spesific growth rate and feed conversion ration fed with four times a day of auratus cichlids were superior than the others (P<0.05). In reproduction, mean seed production of three times a day group was statistically superior (P<0.05). At color parameters, the b* values of body and caudal fed with four times a day were greater than other groups (P<0.05). Spesific growth rate and feed conversion ratio of demasoni cichlids fed with two times a day were statistically higher than the others (P<0.05). Survival rates of one daily, two and three times a day groups were similar and 100% (P>0.05). In reproduction, absolute fecundity of two times a day was greater than other groups (P<0.05). For coloration, the b* value of caudal region fed with two times a day was superior than the others (P<0.05). According to these parameters, the ideal feeding frequencies have been determined for three times a day for kenyi cichlids, three or four times a day for rusty cichlids, four times a day for auratus cichlids and two times a day for demasoni cichlids. In conclusion, implementation of determining feeding frequencies for commercial production of these species is thought to be caused the positive outputs for both producers and aquarists.
The largest group of living groups exhibited in aquariums are the cichlids. Especially mbuna species found in Lake Malawi represent a large group which are increasing the numbers each passing day. In this study, larval and prejuvenile development stages and the effects of different feeding frequencies on growth, reproductive performance and pigmentation of four mbuna cichlid species were investigated. As study material, kenyi (Maylandia lombardoi), rusty (Iodotropheus sprengerae), auratus (Melanochromis auratus) and demasoni (Pseudotropheus demasoni) cichlid species supplied from a commercial facility (İstanbul, Turkey) were used. Experiments were carried out in Yalova University Armutlu Vocational School (Yalova, Turkey). Eggs and fries were taken from buccal cavity of females and they were stocked to artificial breeding containers. Then, larval development stages were photographed under the stereo microscope. Five experimental feeding groups have been formed including every other day (2G1), one feeding daily (G1), two times a day (G2), three times a day (G3) and four times a day (G4) for each species in feeding frequency trials. Fish were fed with commercial granule feed for 16 weeks with ad libitum. The study was carried out in freshwater recirculating system which has 100 L each tank and 15 fiberglass tanks with three replicates. Ten individuals with average 2 g body weight have been stocked to each tank in every trials. Growth performance were monitored biweekly by weighing and measuring total lenghts. For determining the reproductive performance, eggs were removed from buccal cavity of fish, and they were monitored over 14 days. The color measurements were performed on left surface of body area and caudal region of each fish for every 2 weeks. In larval development experiment, the start of the formation of the young draft has been seen after the cleavage, blastula, gastrula and pharyngula stages for all species at the end of the 16th day. Larval development has been lasted for 19 days for rusty cichlids, 20 days for auratus cichlids, 21 days for both kenyi and demasoni cichlids. In feeding frequency trials of kenyi cichlids, although final mean weights of two, three and four times a day groups were statistically similar, the best growth was observed in three times a day group with 11.16 g. According to reproductive performance, fertilization rate of three times a day group were greater than the others (P<0.05). In color parameters, the best lightness of body and caudal regions were determined at three times a day group (P<0.05). Final mean weights and final mean total lenghts of rusty cichlids fed with three and four times a day were statistically similar. For reproductive performance, mean seed production of three times a day group was superior than the others (P<0.05). Absolute fecundity and fertilization rate of four times a day group were higher than the others (P<0.05). Egg hatching rate and larva survival rate of three times a day group were greater than the other groups (P<0.05). For coloration, although there is no statistically differences between ligthness of body and caudal regions, the best values were observed at three and four times a day groups. The spesific growth rate and feed conversion ration fed with four times a day of auratus cichlids were superior than the others (P<0.05). In reproduction, mean seed production of three times a day group was statistically superior (P<0.05). At color parameters, the b* values of body and caudal fed with four times a day were greater than other groups (P<0.05). Spesific growth rate and feed conversion ratio of demasoni cichlids fed with two times a day were statistically higher than the others (P<0.05). Survival rates of one daily, two and three times a day groups were similar and 100% (P>0.05). In reproduction, absolute fecundity of two times a day was greater than other groups (P<0.05). For coloration, the b* value of caudal region fed with two times a day was superior than the others (P<0.05). According to these parameters, the ideal feeding frequencies have been determined for three times a day for kenyi cichlids, three or four times a day for rusty cichlids, four times a day for auratus cichlids and two times a day for demasoni cichlids. In conclusion, implementation of determining feeding frequencies for commercial production of these species is thought to be caused the positive outputs for both producers and aquarists.
Açıklama
Anahtar Kelimeler
Akvaryum, Çiklit, Mbuna, Yetiştiricilik, Larval Gelişim, Besleme, Yemleme Sıklığı, Aquarium, Cichlid, Mbuna, Aquaculture, Larval Development, Nutrition, Feeding Frequency
