Asur ticaret kolonileri çağı'nda faiz uygulamaları
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Dosyalar
Tarih
2019
Yazarlar
Dergi Başlığı
Dergi ISSN
Cilt Başlığı
Yayıncı
Ege Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü
Erişim Hakkı
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Özet
Faiz uygulamalarının ilk temelleri erken dönemlere kadar tarihlenmektedir. İlk uygulamalar Mezopotamya’da ticari faaliyetlerin ortaya çıkmasıyla başlamıştır. Bu uygulamalar, önceleri merkeziyetçi özelliğe sahipken Er Hanedanlar Dönemi’yle başlayan yönetimdeki seküler anlayışla birlikte III. Ur Dönemi’ne gelindiğinde daha özgür ticari faaliyetlerle geliştirilmiştir. Daha sonra, ilk ilkel liberal ekonomik anlayışın gelişmesiyle aile veya kurumlar tarafından devam ettirilmiştir. Bu özellikteki yapılardan birisi ise, M.Ö. 2. bin yılın başlarına tarihlenen, Anadolu’da Asur Ticaret Kolonileri Çağı’nda kişisel çıkarlara dayalı aile kurumlarının oluşturduğu ticari oligarşidir.
Bu dönemde Asur şehrinden Anadolu’ya gelen Asurlu tüccarlar bölgede yaşayan yerlilerle birlikte birkaç kuşak ticari ve aile bağları kurarak varlıklarını sürdürmüştür. Tüccarlar, bu uluslararası ticaret faaliyetlerinden büyük servetler kazanmıştır. Mezopotamya’nın görenekleri ve ticaret anlayışı Anadolu’ya taşınırken Anadolu ise, sonraki dönemlere temel oluşturacak yeniliklere sahne olmuştur. Dönemin bir önemi ise, İç Anadolu’nun ilk kez yazıyla tanışmasıdır.
Yoğun ticari faaliyetlerle birlikte Anadolu açısından ilk faizcilik uygulamalarıda görülmeye başlanmıştır. Şartlara bağlı olarak faizcilik uygulamalarının her şekli uygulanmaya çalışılmıştır. Aynı zamanda faizcilik uygulamaları yürütülürken döneme özgü vade sürelerindede çeşitlilikler gözlenmiştir.
Bugün uygulanan faizcilik işlemlerinin erken örnekleri tez çalışmamızın dönemini kapsayan faizcilik uygulamalarıyla büyük benzerlikler gösterdiğini ifade etmek gerekir.Faizcilik,ayrı dönemlerde algılayıştaki faklılıktan dolayı çeşitli yaklaşım örnekleriyle karşılaşmıştır. Örneğin ilk uygulamaları dini ve kazanç anlayışıyla birlikte sürdürülürken, özellikle Mezopotamya’da erken zamanlarda dini anlayış içerisinde gelişme gösterirken,Koloni Dönemi’nde kişisel kazanç üzerine temellendiği açıkça görülmüştür. Ortaçağ’da dinin ön planda tutularak bu tür uygulmalara sıcak bakılmamasından dolayı ikinci plana itilmiştir. Avrupa’da temelleri Rönesans ve Reform hareketlerine dayanan yenilikçi akımlarla birlikte tekrar kazanç odaklı gelişmelerle ön plana çıkmaya başlamıştır. Geliştirilen faiz teorileri kapalı algınınönüne geçilmesinde önemli rol üstlenmiştir. Bugün ise faizcilik uygulamaları kazanç odaklı olarak sürmeye devam etmektedir.
The first foundations of interest applications are dated to early periods. The first practices began in Mesopotamia with the emergence of commercial activities. These applications, before the centralized feature, while starting with the Early Dynastic Period, with the secular understanding of management. When it came to Ur III Period, it was developed with more free commercial activities. Later it was continued by the family or instutions with the development of the first primitive liberal economic understanding.Astructure of this nature, it is the commercial oligarchy formed by the family institutions based on personal interests in the Age of Ancient Assyrian Trading Colony in Anatolia dating to the beginning of the 2nd millennium. In this period, Assyrians who came to Anatolia from Assyria were living together with the locals living in the region and continued their existence by establishing commercial and family ties. Traders have gained great wealth from these international trade activities. While the traditions and traditions of Mesopotamia were moved to Anatolia, Anatolia was the scene of innovations that would form the basis for later periods. The importance of the period is that Anatolia acquainted with the first writing. With the intense commercial activities, the firs interest rates in terms of Anatolia started to be seen. Depending on the circumstances, all forms of interest rates are tried to be applied. Diversity was observed in periodic maturity periods while also carrying out interest rate practices. It is worth noting that the early examples of the interest rates applied today show great similarities with the interest bearing practices covering the period of our thesis study. Due to the differences in perceptions in different periods, interestism encountered various approaches. For example, while the first practices were carried out with religious and gaining understanding, especially in Mesopotamia in early times, it was evident that it was based on personal gain in colonial period. Since religion was kept in the forefront in the Medieval Age, it was pushed to the second plan. In Europe, the foundations of the Renaissance and the Reformation movement with innovative movements based on gain-oriented developments began to come to the fore. The developed theories of interest have played an important role in preventing closed perception. Today, interest-oriented practices continue to be focused on earnings.
The first foundations of interest applications are dated to early periods. The first practices began in Mesopotamia with the emergence of commercial activities. These applications, before the centralized feature, while starting with the Early Dynastic Period, with the secular understanding of management. When it came to Ur III Period, it was developed with more free commercial activities. Later it was continued by the family or instutions with the development of the first primitive liberal economic understanding.Astructure of this nature, it is the commercial oligarchy formed by the family institutions based on personal interests in the Age of Ancient Assyrian Trading Colony in Anatolia dating to the beginning of the 2nd millennium. In this period, Assyrians who came to Anatolia from Assyria were living together with the locals living in the region and continued their existence by establishing commercial and family ties. Traders have gained great wealth from these international trade activities. While the traditions and traditions of Mesopotamia were moved to Anatolia, Anatolia was the scene of innovations that would form the basis for later periods. The importance of the period is that Anatolia acquainted with the first writing. With the intense commercial activities, the firs interest rates in terms of Anatolia started to be seen. Depending on the circumstances, all forms of interest rates are tried to be applied. Diversity was observed in periodic maturity periods while also carrying out interest rate practices. It is worth noting that the early examples of the interest rates applied today show great similarities with the interest bearing practices covering the period of our thesis study. Due to the differences in perceptions in different periods, interestism encountered various approaches. For example, while the first practices were carried out with religious and gaining understanding, especially in Mesopotamia in early times, it was evident that it was based on personal gain in colonial period. Since religion was kept in the forefront in the Medieval Age, it was pushed to the second plan. In Europe, the foundations of the Renaissance and the Reformation movement with innovative movements based on gain-oriented developments began to come to the fore. The developed theories of interest have played an important role in preventing closed perception. Today, interest-oriented practices continue to be focused on earnings.
