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Öğe Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins: Implications for Nanotechnological Applications in Biosensing and Drug/Gene Delivery(Mdpi, 2021) Er, Simge; Laraib, Ushna; Arshad, Rabia; Sargazi, Saman; Rahdar, Abbas; Pandey, Sadanand; Thakur, Vijay KumarOver various scientific fields in biochemistry, amino acids have been highlighted in research works. Protein, peptide- and amino acid-based drug delivery systems have proficiently transformed nanotechnology via immense flexibility in their features for attaching various drug molecules and biodegradable polymers. In this regard, novel nanostructures including carbon nanotubes, electrospun carbon nanofibers, gold nanoislands, and metal-based nanoparticles have been introduced as nanosensors for accurate detection of these organic compounds. These nanostructures can bind the biological receptor to the sensor surface and increase the surface area of the working electrode, significantly enhancing the biosensor performance. Interestingly, protein-based nanocarriers have also emerged as useful drug and gene delivery platforms. This is important since, despite recent advancements, there are still biological barriers and other obstacles limiting gene and drug delivery efficacy. Currently available strategies for gene therapy are not cost-effective, and they do not deliver the genetic cargo effectively to target sites. With rapid advancements in nanotechnology, novel gene delivery systems are introduced as nonviral vectors such as protein, peptide, and amino acid-based nanostructures. These nano-based delivery platforms can be tailored into functional transformation using proteins and peptides ligands based nanocarriers, usually overexpressed in the specified diseases. The purpose of this review is to shed light on traditional and nanotechnology-based methods to detect amino acids, peptides, and proteins. Furthermore, new insights into the potential of amino protein-based nanoassemblies for targeted drug delivery or gene transfer are presented.Öğe Application of Green Gold Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis(Mdpi, 2022) Sargazi, Saman; Laraib, Ushna; Er, Simge; Rahdar, Abbas; Hassanisaadi, Mohadeseh; Zafar, Muhammad Nadeem; Diez-Pascual, Ana M.Nanoparticles are currently used for cancer theranostics in the clinical field. Among nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) attract much attention due to their usability and high performance in imaging techniques. The wide availability of biological precursors used in plant-based synthesized AuNPs allows for the development of large-scale production in a greener manner. Conventional cancer therapies, such as surgery and chemotherapy, have significant limitations and frequently fail to produce satisfying results. AuNPs have a prolonged circulation time, allow easy modification with ligands detected via cancer cell surface receptors, and increase uptake through receptor-mediated endocytosis. To exploit these unique features, studies have been carried out on the use of AuNPs as contrast agents for X-ray-based imaging techniques (i.e., computed tomography). As nanocarriers, AuNPs synthesized by nontoxic and biocompatible plants to deliver therapeutic biomolecules could be a significant stride forward in the effective treatment of various cancers. Fluorescent-plant-based markers, including AuNPs, fabricated using Medicago sativa, Olax Scandens, H. ambavilla, and H. lanceolatum, have been used in detecting cancers. Moreover, green synthesized AuNPs using various extracts have been applied for the treatment of different types of solid tumors. However, the cytotoxicity of AuNPs primarily depends on their size, surface reactivity, and surface area. In this review, the benefits of plant-based materials in cancer therapy are firstly explained. Then, considering the valuable position of AuNPs in medicine, the application of AuNPs in cancer therapy and detection is highlighted with an emphasis on limitations faced by the application of such NPs in drug delivery platforms.Öğe Graphene oxide incorporated polystyrene electrospun nanofibers for immunosensing of CD36 as a marker of diabetic plasma(Elsevier Science Sa, 2022) Er, Simge; Demirkol, Dilek OdaciElectrospun nanofibers (ESNF) offer us a chance to obtain nanoscale building blocks by adding the desired modification agent to the polymer solution. Here, nanocomposite-based electrospun nanofibers designed for the recognition surface of the developed immunosensor were used for the first time in the determination of CD36. Firstly, graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized from graphite powder (GR), and GO sheets were silanized with different amounts of (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES). Synthesized GO-APTES nanocomposite and polystyrene (PS) solution were mixed in different ratios to obtain uniform nanofibers without beads. As a result of the amino groups obtained on the surface of the nanofibers, the surface was made ready for covalent immobilization of the Anti-CD36 antibody. The nanofibers obtained under the optimum conditions determined were deposited on the surface of the screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) by the electrospinning technique. Then, Anti-CD36 was immobilized on the PS/GO-APTES modified SPCE through covalent bonding and used to prepare the biofunctional surface for the usage of bioelectrochemistry of CD36. The optimum Anti-CD36 con-centration decided to be used in experiments was determined as 10 mu g/mL. The linear detection range of CD36 was from 0.5 to 20 ng/mL, and the detection limit was 0.999 ng/mL. Finally, the developed PS/GO-APTES/Anti-CD36 immunosensor was used for the determination of CD36 in artificial blood serum without any interference effect.Öğe High generation dendrimer decorated poly-?-caprolactone/polyacrylic acid electrospun nanofibers for the design of a bioelectrochemical sensing surface(Elsevier, 2021) Oner, Aylis; Tufek, Ensara; Yezer, Irem; Birol, Asli; Demir, Meltem; Er, Simge; Demirkol, Dilek OdaciIn this study, poly-?-caprolactone (PCL) and poly(acrylic) acid (PAA)-based electrospun nanofibers were prepared for the immobilization of pyranose oxidase (PyOx) to design a bioelectrochemical detection system. Different amounts of PAA were used to increase hydrophilicity (decreased contact angle) of the PCL electrospun nanofibers. To provide a multipoint attachment side to bind PyOx by covalent bonds, various amounts of high generation (G5) poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer with amino groups were added to the PCL:PAA backbone. To attach PyOx onto the PCL:PAA/PAMAM electrospun nanofibers, glutaraldehyde was used as a homobifunctional crosslinker. Firstly, PCL:PAA ratio was optimized to obtain the best electrospun nanofibers without beads and with decreased contact angle. Then, the effect of the PAMAM amount on the morphology of PCL:PAA and contact angle was tested. The obtained PCL:PAA/PAMAM electrospun nanofiber was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Then, the presence of PAMAM in the structure and the success of PyOx immobilization onto PCL:PAA/PAMAM were proven by SEM and an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (SEMEDX). Finally, PCL:PAA/PAMAM/PyOx was characterized, calibrated, and applied to analyze glucose in samples without any interfering effect of some chemicals. Briefly, the nanofibers modification with dendrimers and the conjugation of PyOx onto formed nanostructures was successfully performed, and a novel electrospun nanofiberbased sensor system was developed for target detection.Öğe Nano-immunotherapeutic strategies for targeted RNA delivery: Emphasizing the role of monocyte/macrophages as nanovehicles to treat glioblastoma multiforme(Elsevier, 2022) Manicum, Amanda-Lee Ezra; Sargazi, Saman; Razzaq, Sobia; Kumar, Govindarajan Venkat; Rahdar, Abbas; Er, Simge; Ul Ain, QurratGlioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is considered the most aggressive and heterogeneous type of brain malignancy. The substantial invasion of the central nervous system parenchyma is a typical hallmark of all grades of glioma. To improve tumor localization and prevent unanticipated toxicity, anti-tumor drug delivery mechanisms must be upgraded in parallel with pharmacotherapeutics. Monocytes can easily pass the blood-brain barrier, and thus, drugs with difficulty entering the brain can be loaded into monocytes, resulting in the treatment of brain cancers. RNA as a natural and biocompatible polymer has many advantages for biomedical applications, and RNA-based therapies can provide regulated biological functions by highly selective and controlling means. In this context, macrophages are excellent carriers for distributing RNA-based treatments. However, developing an efficient macrophage-targeted RNA delivery has remained challenging. Several approaches have been introduced in the last decade to efficiently deliver RNA-based therapy via macrophages to treat GBM and inflammatory conditions. This review summarizes the most suitable nano-carrier systems to deliver RNA into immunocytes; also, different methods of synthesizing RNA-loaded nanoparticles and their application, with an emphasis on targeting GBM, are discussed. Furthermore, it focuses specifically on the stability of such nanoformulations and the effect of targeting moieties and adjuvants in determining the worth of the aroused immune response. Finally, the critical aspects of delivering RNA-lipid hybrid nanoparticles (LNPs) via oral, systemic, and local routes are highlighted. We hope that these findings will pave the way for more effective treatment of solid tumors, such as GBM, in the future.Öğe Nanokompozit yapılı elektroeğrilmiş nanoliflerin biyosensör hazırlanmasına yönelik uygulamaları(Ege Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2021) Er, Simge; Odacı Demirkol, DilekBu tez çalışmasında, Anti-CD36’nın immobilizasyon matriksi olarak kullanılmak üzere PS/MWCNT-PAMAM ve PS/GO-APTES olmak üzere iki ayrı nanokompozit temelli nanolif (NTNL) üretilmiştir. Sentezlenen NTNL’lerin her bir modifikasyon basamağındaki fiziksel ve kimyasal karakterizasyonları için ileri karakterizasyon teknikleri kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen NTNL’ler, belirlenen optimum koşullar altında elektroeğirme tekniği ile SPCE yüzeyinde biriktirildikten sonra yüzeye Anti-CD36’nın kovalent immobilizasyonu gerçekleştirilerek CD36 proteininin tayinine yönelik iki farklı immünosensör sistemi geliştirilmiştir. İmmünosensör sistemlerinin elektrokimyasal yüzey karakterizasyonu için DPV, CV ve EIS teknikleri ile gerçekleştirilmiş olup elde edilen verilerden yola çıkarak analitik karakteristikleri belirlenmiştir. Belirlenen performans faktörleri dikkate alındığında PS/GO-APTES/Anti-CD36 immünosensörünün CD36 proteini tayini için daha duyarlı olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu sebeple PS/GO-APTES/Anti-CD36 biyofonksiyonel yüzeyinde hücre kültürü çalışmalarıyla elde edilen makrofaj ve köpük hücrelerinin adezyonlarının incelenmesi için elektrokimyasal ölçümler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ayrıca, geliştirilen biyofonksiyonel yüzeyde makrofaj ve köpük hücrelerinin adezyonlarının floresan mikroskop görüntüleri elektrokimyasal karakterizasyon sonuçlarını destekler nitelikte bulunmuştur.