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Öğe Application of Indigenous Plant-Based Vegetable Tanning Agent Extracted from Xylocarpus granatum in Semi-Chrome and Chrome Retanned Leather Production(E.U. Printing And Publishing House, 2022) Das, Raju Kumar; Mizan, Al; Tuj-ZOHRA, Fatema; Basaran, Bahri; Ahmed, SoburEnvironmental issues are nowadays the prime concern worldwide for leather industries due to chrome containing solid and liquid wastes generated from the tannery. Therefore, experts are being encouraged in exploring alternative tanning agents. This study aimed at applying a novel vegetable tanning agent extracted from Xylocarpus granatum barks for the production of semi-chrome (SC) and chrome retanned (CR) leathers to reduce chromium use. Characterization of the SC and CR leathers was performed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy which revealed prominent tanning activity of the extracted tannins. The tanned leathers exhibited shrinkage temperatures of 112 degrees C for SC and 103 degrees C for CR leathers. The physicomechanical properties were found as tensile strength >230 kg/cm(2), tear strength >30 kg/cm, grain cracking load >20 kg, distention at grain crack >7 mm, ball bursting load >38 kg, and distention at ball bursting >12mm that was comparatively acceptable according to UNIDO standard for shoe upper leathers.Öğe Characterization of Changes due to pH Variations in Beta Peptide ((25-35)) Leading to Alzheimer's Disease(Springer, 2020) Senthil, Rethinam; Srividya, S.; Aruni, A. Wilson; Basaran, Bahri; Jyotsna; Thirugnanasambandam, RajendranThe effect of various concentrations of amyloid beta peptide (ABP) in different pH (pH 2, 6, 7, 8, 10) in aging at different time intervals was analysed using various techniques. the pH 7.4 and 8 were compared with other pH solution which indicated that the secondary structure content with high beta-sheet conformation is found at pH 7.4 and 8. Phosphate buffer solutions (pH) were detected using CD spectroscopy. the CD spectra of peptide in phosphate buffer (pH 2 and 10) on aging at time intervals were also analysed with the aging of sample (pH 2) on the 10th day. the results showed no major secondary structural changes in the peptide, which was indicative predominant random coil structure. the phosphate buffer pH 6, 7.4, 8 on the 10th day showed the occurrence of crossover point. This same sample smear on slide was mounded and the fibrils were visualized using the light microscope. the percent of viable cell in different pH was detected in MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethyazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) assay using human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT). Fluorescence spectroscopy was used to study the growth and development of fibrils.Öğe Eco-leather: Chromium-free Leather Production Using Titanium, Oligomeric Melamine-Formaldehyde Resin, and Resorcinol Tanning Agents and the Properties of the Resulting Leathers(Foundation Environmental Protection & Research-Fepr, 2012) Zengin, Arife Candas Adiguzel; Crudu, Marian; Maier, Stelian Sergiu; Deselnicu, Viorica; Albu, Luminita; Gulumser, Gurbuz; Bitlisli, Behzat Oral; Basaran, Bahri; Mutlu, Mehmet MeteThe chromium salt tanning system, which is still the most popular leather tanning procedure, is under continuous pressure from environmental groups and international regulations. Therefore, for many years, numerous experiments have been carried out on chromium-free leather production. In this study, newly produced synthetic and inorganic chemicals were used as tanning and pre-tanning agents as an alternative to a chromium tanning agent. This new titanium based tanning agent, obtained from processing wastes from the industry of nonferrous metals, was used as a main tanning agent. In addition, an oligomeric melamine-formaldehyde resin and resorcinol type pre-polymer were used as pre-tanning agents for the production of chromium-free leathers. Physical tests and chemical analysis of the produced chromium-free leathers gave comparable results to leathers tanned with basic chromium sulphate.Öğe Eco-Leather: Properties of Chromium-Free Leathers Produced with Titanium Tanning Materials Obtained from the Wastes of the Metal Industry(Foundation Environmental Protection & Research-Fepr, 2014) Mutlu, Mehmet Mete; Crudu, Marian; Maier, Stelian Sergiu; Deselnicu, Dana; Albu, Luminita; Gulumser, Gurbuz; Bitlisli, Behzat Oral; Basaran, Bahri; Tosun, Cemile Ceren; Adiguzel Zengin, Arife CandasIn this research, a new titanium tanning agent (TMW/2) obtained from the wastes of the metal industry was investigated in the production of chromium free eco-leather, by experimenting with various amounts of tanning agent and comparing the physical and chemical properties of the tanned leathers. The tanning process was performed with different concentrations of active titanium tanning material such as 1%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. The titanium content, chromium oxide content, formaldehyde content, shrinkage temperature, pH value, ash content, and fat content of the tanned leathers were investigated for the determination of chemical characterization. The tensile strength, elongation at break, tear strength, and colour measurement tests were also carried out for investigating the physical properties. The titanium tanned leathers had a mean shrinkage temperature of 79.5 degrees C and more yellowish colour than the chromium tanned leathers. Their tensile strength properties were found similar with chromium leathers, while the elongation at break was found to be lower and tearing resistance was higher. The usage amount of 2.5% could be perfectly advised for the tanning process based on the titanium tanning material for achieving optimal properties required from different leather types such as upholstery, automotive and shoe upper leathers. Consequently, our results showed that this new titanium tanning agent could be used as an alternative tanning material in the production of chromium free eco-leathers considering the visual, physical, and chemical properties of resultant leathers.Öğe EFFECT OF DIFFERENT ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS ON SOME PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LEATHER(Ege Universitesi, 2011) Basaran, Bahri; Bitlisli, Behzat Oral; Ocak, Bugra; Onem, ErsinIn this study, the effect of conditioning under standard and tropical atmospheric conditions on physical properties of leather was investigated. For this purpose, garment sheep leathers were conditioned under standard atmospheric conditions of 23 degrees C +/- 2 degrees C temperature and % 50 +/- relative humidity suggested in TS EN ISO 2419, and under tropical atmospheric conditions of 27 degrees C +/- 2 degrees C temperature and 65 +/- 5 relative humidity suggested in ISO/DIS 2419. Then, changes in leather physical properties were investigated statistically. According to results, for sheep leather conditioned under standard atmospheric conditions, percentage extension was 53.47 +/- 4.10, Young's modulus was 77.32 +/- 23.34 N/mm, double edge tear load was 38.03 +/- 8.47 N, water vapour permeability was 6.18 +/- 0.55 mg/cm2.h, while under tropical atmospheric conditions, percentage extension was 57.67 +/- 5.36, Young's modulus was 69.42 +/- 13.87 N/mm, double edge tear load was 43.06 +/- 10.50 N, water vapour permeability was 6.61 +/- 0.47 ing/cm2.h. The difference between these physical properties was determined to be statistically significant. Changes in tensile strength and single edge tear load were not significant.Öğe Effect of Finishing Density on the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Leather(Soc Leather Technol Chemists, 2016) Nalbat, Sevgi; Onem, Ersin; Basaran, Bahri; Yorgancioglu, Ali; Yilmaz, OnurFinishing is the process in which a polymeric coating is applied in order to improve the appearance and resistance of leather products. The applications at this stage greatly affect the use and appeal of the final product. In this study, the effect of different coating compositions on the physico-mechanical properties of leather was investigated. For this purpose, three different types of finishing formulations including semi-aniline, lightly pigmented and opaque finishes having different covering powers rated from light to heavy, respectively, were applied to the leathers and results were compared with uncoated counterparts. The findings of the study revealed that the application of lightly pigmented finishing statistically increased the tensile strength, single and double edge tear loads, and stitch tear resistance of the leather to a large extent. Semi-aniline and opaque finishing gave lower or, in some cases, statistically insignificant increases in the physico-mechanical properties of the leathers.Öğe Electrospun nano-bio membrane for bone tissue engineering application-a new approach(Elsevier Science Sa, 2020) Rethinam, Senthil; Basaran, Bahri; Vijayan, Sumathi; Mert, Ali; Bayraktar, Oguz; Aruni, A. WilsonThe aim of this research study, develop electrospun nano-bio membrane (ENBM) from Poly (vinyl) alcohol (PVA), nano-Demineralized Bone Matrix (nano-DBM) and to impart additional strength, incorporation of carbon nanoparticles (CNP) by elctrospinning machine for their potential application in bone tissue regeneration. the effective of ENBM for biocompatibility properties were evaluated using MG 63 osteoblast cell line, which showed 100% biocompatibility and more viable cell present in the electrospun nano-biomembrane. in vitro biomineralization, more apatite formation was observed SEM images. Electrospun nanoscaffold prepared using PVA, nano-DBM and CNP (0.6%) possessed improved mechanical properties viz. 14.58 +/- 0.13 Mpa of tensile strength, 13.87 +/- 0.05% of elongation at break and 36.84 +/- 0.11% water absorption. This research study proved the bone formation of these ENBM in bone tissue regeneration and regenerative medicine.Öğe Enhanced tissue regeneration using an nano- bioactive scaffold- A novel perspective(Elsevier Science Sa, 2020) Rethinam, Senthil; Vijayan, Sumathi; Aruni, A. Wilson; Basaran, Bahri; Alagumuthu, Tamilselvi; Ramamoorthy, RajalakshmiThe present study, COLL: AV: GPO bioactive scaffold prepared from collagen (COLL), Aloe vera (AV) and graphene oxide (GPO) for wound healing application. Bioactive scaffolds were examined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Thermogravimetry Analysis (TGA) to understand the intermolecular interaction and their influence on the thermal property of the composite. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image of the bioactive scaffold showed porous and smooth surface. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) observed fibrils with intermittent banding patterns. Bioactive scaffold possessed tensile strength (MPa), elongation at break (%), and water absorption properties (%). Bioactive scaffold exhibited good anti-bacterial activity against E.coli and S. aureus. MTT assay on the composites showed enhanced cell growth of human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) without exhibiting any toxicity. A higher rate of cell growth present in the COLL: AV: GPO bioactive scaffold compared to the other samples (COLL and COLL: AV) was observed. Acceleration of wound healing in COLL: AV: GPO bioactive scaffold treated rats were significantly in the in vivo experiments. These results suggested that the COLL: AV: GPO bioactive scaffold could be promising materials from wound healing applications.Öğe Evaluation of Collagen Hydrolysate on the Performance Properties of Different Wet-White Tanned Leathers(Soc Leather Technol Chemists, 2019) Dilek, Yusuf; Basaran, Bahri; Sancakli, Aykut; Bitlisli, Behzat Oral; Yorgancioglu, AliTanning with basic chromium sulphate is the most commercially favoured process in the manufacture of a variety of high quality leathers. Environmental restrictions to the disposal of chromium containing solids and effluents, as well as speculations concerning the presence of toxic and carcinogenic chromium(VI) traces in leather products, have already directed the industry towards using alternatives. Wet-white tannages which consist of zirconium (IV) and aluminium (III) salts with high durability and resistance and organic alternatives which use phosphonium, aldehydes and some syntans both types with more eco friendly and biodegradable characteristics seem to be the main options for industry. However, properties like high hydrothermal stability, tensile strength, and thickness cannot be achieved by any alternative single tanning method. In this study, collagen hydrolysates derived from gelatin manufacture were used to improve wet-white leather performance properties through combination with tanning agents comprising zirconium and aluminium salts, phosphonium salts and aldehydes. The result shows that the apparent density, shrinkage temperature, denaturation temperature and strength properties of differently tanned leathers increased with the addition of collagen hydrolysates. SEM analyses show that collagen fibres are dispersed after tanning. Besides, collagen hydrolysates make the fibres loosen and the fullness of leather is increased.Öğe HEAVY METAL CONTENTS OF BOOTEE LEATHERS TANNED WITH DIFFERENT PROCESS RECIPES(Ege Universitesi, 2011) Karavana, Huseyin Ata; Basaran, Bahri; Aslan, Ahmet; Bitlisli, Behzat Oral; Gulumser, GurbuzThe purpose of this work was to determine the content of heavy metals such as antimony, arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, selenium in leather used by producing baby bootees and to compare the limit values for leather and textiles. It was concluded that heavy metal content of finished leathers depended mainly on the chemicals used in processing; in particular, high chromium contents were determined. Moreover, small amounts of antimony, arsenic, barium, cadmium, lead, mercury and selenium deriving from chemical and physical reactions during dyeing and finishing processes were detected.Öğe A new approach for the production of multifilament suture -in vitroandin vivoanalysis(Taylor & Francis As, 2020) Rethinam, Senthil; Nallathambi, Gobi; Vijayan, Sumathi; Basaran, Bahri; Mert, Ali; Bayraktar, Oguz; Aruni, A. WilsonWe investigated, unique multifilament suture (UMS) was prepared from animal skin fiber (ASF) and cotton fiber (CF), which can be used for external surgeries and wound-healing applications. the distinctive properties of the UMS is that it shows tensile strength of 85.25 +/- 0.09 (Mpa), 81.9 +/- 0.46 (%) as elongation at break, 7.59 +/- 0.26 (kgf) knot strength, 58.95 +/- 0.55 (%) of flexibility and water absorption of about 51.03 +/- 0.63 (%).In vitrostudy, performed its biocompatible in nature andin vivoexperiments exhibited accelerated suturing and wound-healing properties.Öğe Ozonation as an Environmentally Friendly Method to Decolorize the Leather Products(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2017) Onem, Ersin; Yorgancioglu, Ali; Namirti, Gamze; Perincek, Seher; Basaran, Bahri; Duran, KerimIn this study, ozonation as an environmentally friendly bleaching method was studied for decolorization of leather products. The effect of ozonation time (3, 5, 10, 15 and 30min) and water pick-up value (WPV) (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%) were investigated on decolorization effect. For this aim, the color measurement and tensile strength tests were performed, and also structural changes were determined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) after ozonation process. The results of color measurements showed that 30min for ozonation and 60% WPV were optimum parameters to obtain maximum decolorization effect. SEM images of the ozonated leathers showed some deformations on the collagen fibers and resulted with the slightly decreases in tensile strength of the products. On the other hand, decreases in the tensile strength values were not statistically important levels.Öğe Preparation, Characterization and Application of Lubricating Protein Filler for Sustainable Leather Production(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2020) Yorgancioglu, Ali; Onem, Ersin; Basaran, BahriIn this study, collagen hydrolyzate was obtained from bovine shaving wastes of leather production with the alkali hydrolysis reaction. Total amino acid, total carbon and total nitrogen amounts of liquid collagen hydrolyzate (CH) were determined. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) characterization of collagen hydrolyzate was performed. Obtained CH was emulsified with hydrogenated castor and amino functional silicone oils to prepare lubricating protein filler (LPF). Particle size and zeta potential of the LPF were analyzed. 10%, 15%, and 20% LPF was used in the retanning/fatliquoring process of chromium tanned bovine leathers. Performance characterizations of leathers treated with LPFs were carried out with tensile strength, tear strength, filling efficiency, light fastness, shrinkage, and denaturation temperature analyses. Moreover, bounded fat content in leather was also determined. Results showed the increased thermal stability, strength performance and good filling effect in leather by application of the prepared LPF. Consequently, LPF had a good potential as natural retanning/fatliquoring agent via achieving reuse of the solid leather wastes and providing satisfactory leather properties and cleaner production by one product itself.Öğe STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICOMECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LEATHERHEADS USED IN VARIOUS PERCUSSION INSTRUMENTS(Ege Univ, 2013) Alaskan, A. Maruf; Basaran, Bahri; Nalbat, SevgiMusical sound in percussion instruments is an energy being emited through the vibrational waves from the structural components of leatherheads which becomes unstable due to mechanical agitation. This vibration is strictly bound up with the structural and therefore physicomechanical characteristics naturally available. The study was carried out on 12 leatherheads processed for percussion instrument, the structural evaluation was practiced by optoanalytical techniques and physicomechanical characteristics such as tensile strength, elongation (%), elasticity modulus, hardness (Shore A and D) and apparent density were examined in order to find out the resistance and behaviors against the mechanical effects like stretching, tuning and playing. According to the results; the leatherheads used for percussion instruments making were found to be much more tightly and compact structured, and also have high apparent density as compared to the leathers processed for garments, shoe uppers and leather goods. As consequences of compactly packed structure, for the same comparison, the leatherheads were found to have different mechanical behavior, being more resistant and having harder handle but indicating lower elongation (%).Öğe STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICOMECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LEATHERHEADS USED IN VARIOUS PERCUSSION INSTRUMENTS(Ege Univ, 2013) Alaskan, A. Maruf; Basaran, Bahri; Nalbat, SevgiMusical sound in percussion instruments is an energy being emited through the vibrational waves from the structural components of leatherheads which becomes unstable due to mechanical agitation. This vibration is strictly bound up with the structural and therefore physicomechanical characteristics naturally available. The study was carried out on 12 leatherheads processed for percussion instrument, the structural evaluation was practiced by optoanalytical techniques and physicomechanical characteristics such as tensile strength, elongation (%), elasticity modulus, hardness (Shore A and D) and apparent density were examined in order to find out the resistance and behaviors against the mechanical effects like stretching, tuning and playing. According to the results; the leatherheads used for percussion instruments making were found to be much more tightly and compact structured, and also have high apparent density as compared to the leathers processed for garments, shoe uppers and leather goods. As consequences of compactly packed structure, for the same comparison, the leatherheads were found to have different mechanical behavior, being more resistant and having harder handle but indicating lower elongation (%).Öğe A STUDY OF THE REALISTIC STRENGTH OF LEATHER: TRUE STRESS(Amer Leather Chemists Assoc, 2012) Basaran, Bahri; Nalbat, SevgiStrength deals with the durability of materials during usage and therefore is an important criterion for performance evaluation. Leather goods, which continue to be preferred by many over artificial substitutes, need to exhibit durable material performance. Strength testing, as related to an understanding of the endurance against force, is an important component of overall material behavior. Therefore, tensile testing should be well developed so as to analyze the properties of finished leathers and acquire realistic practical data. This study deals, in detail, with the evaluation of tensile properties considering the differences between engineering stress and true stress. In this examination of tensile behaviors three groups of garment leathers with different finishes (aniline, semi-aniline, and full pigmented finishes) were used. The samples were evaluated comparing engineering stress and true stress. In a Completely Randomized Design study, the statistical differences were calculated by the Duncan test in the level of P <= 0.05. Thereby, statistically significant differences between engineering stress and true stress between each of the three groups was verified.Öğe Utilization of Collagen Wastes as Bioretanning Agent and Effects on the Mechanical Properties of Leather(E.U. Printing And Publishing House, 2023) Sancakli, Aykut; Ismar, Ezgi; Arican, Fatih; Polat, Oguzhan; Basaran, Bahri; Mizan, AlA bioretanning agent was developed as an alternative to conventional synthetic retanning agents to pave the way for sustainability in the leather industry. Solid chromium shaving wastes from leather processing produced a proteinic sub-structure for the constitution building block of the bioretanning agent's backbone. The alkaline hydrolysis method was used to obtain the protein hydrolyzate, and the residual chromium content was determined as <80 ppm. The protein hydrolyzates were acquired in different molecular weights, and the hybrid biopolymers were obtained by grafting the hydrolyzates with acrylic acids (AAc) and acrylamides (AAm). To evaluate the properties imparted by the designed bioretanning agent, it was incorporated into the leather in the retanning processes and compared to the control samples fabricated with conventional procedures. As a result, penetration of hybrid biopolymer into the matrix for retanning was achieved easily, and using low and high molecular weight biopolymers have been recorded by 20% and 23% of improvement in the mechanical performance of the leather samples, respectively. Furthermore, the ratio of the hydrolyzate and AAm/AAc was found to be fitted at 1:2 for both. Furthermore, as per the evaluation of the leathers retanned by novel biopolymer, the results were promising in terms of technical viability and revealed that the biopolymer usage could enhance the mechanical performance of the leather while benefiting from the waste-to-wealth approach.Öğe Utilization of various solid leather wastes for the production of blended bricks(Springer, 2022) Senthil, Rethinam; Kavukcu, Serdar Batikan; Cakir, Sinem; Turkmen, Hayati; Basaran, Bahri; Alagumuthu, TamilselviProduction of low-cost blended bricks from various solid leather wastes for use in the construction industry is effective waste management and an important approach to prevent pollution. Using leather sludges as a raw material in building materials have the potential to reduce environmental pollution. In this study, various solid leather industrial wastes were used, such as chrome shavings powder (CSP), buffing dust powder (BDP), and finished leather powder (FLP), respectively, and Clay: CSP, Clay: BDP, and Clay: FLP bricks were prepared by mixing clay. The physicochemical and mechanical properties of the bricks were investigated. The structure and compactness of the bricks were revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The blended bricks have unique mechanical characteristics and are promising models for new construction applications. Compared to clay, an improvement was observed in the mechanical properties with an increase in the ratio of leather waste (50%) in the sample composition. The blended bricks are environmentally safe and cost effective for the novel brick manufacturing approaches.